Saturday, August 31, 2019
Ladies Detective Agency Essay
1.Conventional mystery novels usually contain one long and riveting mystery throughout the course of the whole story. This may or may not be successful in many cases based on the author’s interest in that one mystery. With this book containing many different mysteries and crimes to solve it allows readers to become more engaged in each one instead of one mystery carrying out through the whole story. This made the pacing of the novel much more concrete and enjoyable. The author also did a nice job on emphasizing one big crime that carried out throughout most of the story. This kept the readers engaged throughout the story, as they were able to bounce back to that original story without getting bored of it. 2.Precious Ramotswe is an extremely warm and loving character. She is such a charming protagonist because of her positive attitude and determination towards all of the obstacles thrown at her in life. She is so different from other detectives because she is a woman, a person that has gone through an enormous amount of hardships in her own life, and she is a detective because that is what she loves. She doesn’t just do it for the purposes of making money. She feels that all African people are her brothers and sisters and it is her job to help them with their troubles. 3.These cases that Mma Ramotswe deals with, are cases that police cannot solve. This factor drives suspense in the views of the reader ad from Mma Ramotswe’s perspective, as she cannot go to the cops for assistance in these riveting cases. The readers know how a police officer would handle certain situations, but in this case it was more of a mystery as we learned how Mma Ramotswe would handle these situations. 4.Mma Ramotswe view on men was ruined by her first experience with a man. Ever since she got pregnant with her husbands baby and then he left she has looked at men in a very stereotypical and our way. Throughout this story, every bad quality Mma Ramotswe has said about men is proven to be valid in this book as most of her cases involve snoopy and cowardly men who leave and cheat on their wives. 5.It expresses her roots and sets the tone of her values and her culture. It gives the reader an idea of how the people live in her area and throughout Africa. His life reveals a lot of history including apartheid and the inequality of blacks in South Africa. His story reveals that mines shorten your life span and it is sad how you work so hard to make a living for yourself and your family, but in the end the mines will cause you to live less. 6.Most of Mma Ramotswe’s cases involve a person lying about something that she needs to solve. She uses intuition and the people’s hunch to crack those mysteries that they are hiding from her. She can solve this based on the behavior of the person. This played a huge factor in the first case as she was trying to figure out whether a man was a girl’s father or a fraud. 7.She is right in many cases that women have more perspective in men. She is able to prove this from the fact that most of her cases involve men doing something to or hiding something from a woman. In the novel she uses her woman perspective and observation to crack the secret from a man cheating on his wife. She was able to do this because of the experiences she had been through with men. She comically undercut’s the lawyers arrogance by saying how she has observed more that he hasn’t observed like his fly being unzipped. 8.She is articulating that thinking and getting worked up over something is not worth it. People just need to move on or fix these problems that they have. This will better your life making it easier to move on. Even though Mma Ramotswe has an extremely busy and tense life, that motivation gives her peace and stability because she knows she will fix it and move on towards a positive direction in her life. 9.Mma Ramotswe marries Note because she feels that he is an interesting man that you do not come around everyday. She also feels that she can solve all of his problems and make him a better person. His smooth talk really got her to fall for him. This makes her a much deeper and more complicated character because she brings so much controversy and stupidity. This makes her deeper because she now seems more like a real person who makes mistakes just like everyone. Her abusive marriage with Note changes her outlook on men and the trust that she has in each one. As bad as the relations were, it helped her in the long run as the experience gave her perspective on many men she was dealing with. It really ruined her interest in marrying any other man because of the fear. 10.Mma Ramotswe is not stereotyping about white people when she says this. In the culture of white people, some work and make money, but just keep on working to keep bringing in the money. That’s how their lives work. She is completely correct when she says they don’t enjoy because these people do take the time to enjoy it every now and then, but they cannot just stop what they are doing because all that money will slowly go away. Mma Ramotswe lives her life to bring happiness to herself and to her family. Life to her is more than just money. What is most refreshing to her is happiness and the beauty of the world around her. Other differences in white and black cultures that are shown in the book are the relationships between men and women. In the black culture, choosing a wife or a husband is an extremely fast process while in white culture it takes a long time to make that decision. 11.The aspects of traditional Africa that contradicts her are the status and lack of power control that women have. They do not get a say in things like marriage and family duty. There is such a contradiction with her and old Africa because her whole lifestyle is based on the power that women are given in the modern era. Without that her whole career and a huge aspect of life would not exist. 12.When Mr. J.L.B. Maketoni proposed to Mma Ramotswe the first time, I knew that this relationship would come up again in this book. I wasn’t surprised went she said no the first time because of all she has been through but as the story went on and their relationship grew, I knew they were going to end up getting married. It was the perfect ending to that novel. 13. No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency draws upon this knowledge through Mma Ramotswe’s observation skills and actions while solving a mystery. The tactics she uses are explained in-depth and are helpful in learning about detective work. In this book lawyers and the police did not play a big role in this private detective work. They only played a role when charges were being made and when the case was almost closed. 14.I do not believe that this is a feminist novel whatsoever as these stories are compelling to all genders. I do not believe it depicts men, but gives many different example of true actions men take part in. It doesn’t say that woman are always right and do not make mistakes because they do make mistakes and take part in wrong acts as well. I believe the author did a great job of representing Mma Ramotswe as I was shocked to find out a man wrote this book. I felt like Mma Ramotswe was telling me the story. 15.This story shows basic story telling by the usage of many different mysteries Mma Ramotswe solves in this book. It is sophisticated for her outlook on certain situations and the power of observation of woman. This book teaches you to not give up on a dream based on a certain limitation or social status’. It teaches you to pursue your dreams and make the world you’re involved in positive at the same time. It also teaches to cherish happiness and what is given to you in this world.
Friday, August 30, 2019
My Dorm Room Essay
College is a life changing event for all students who desire to fulfill their dreams. College is a place of learning and of discovery. Learning does not occur only in the four walls of the classroom or the library, nor it is solely the responsibility of the professor, and it is more than reading hundreds of pages of text books and completing requirements. College is also the place where each student learns how to live independently for the first time, how to manage their time and schedules, meet lifelong friends, experience passionate love and bear their souls to a special person, and, most of all, it is where students discover who they are, what they are capable of and what they want to do with the rest of their lives. In this very intense, fast-paced academic life, each student struggles and becomes more mature after living in a college dorm. Dorm life for a college student is a necessary part, and without it they won’t be fully prepared to take on the challenges of adult life. My dorm room is the place that I call home while I am at Newberry College. It is a nice place to live and I feel very comfortable there. As you walk into the main entrance of Brokaw Hall, you make a right turn then a left one and proceed to room 114. Brokaw is an all freshman dorm. My room is large. I did not bring anything from home; I decided to buy everything that I need once I got here, since I am an international student. I have adapted well to my dorm room and I like living there. On my door a red plate is mounted with the number 114 typed in the middle, near the top. The door is heavy and is made of sturdy wood. At waist level on the left of the door is a metal panel, which supports a large metal doorknob. Once you open my door, you see the interior of my room. To your right sits my bed, which has a red comforter on it. On the wall, by my bed is a flag of my country, Morocco, that I hung up. I brought my country’s flag to remember my homeland, family, and friends. The walls were painted light blue with a few posters hanging in place. The cool color of the wall relaxes me. On top of the bed, a closed laptop sits. When you look to your right you see my roommate’s bed, which has a blue comforter. On the wall, above his bed is where the speakers are hung for the stereo. There are four speakers on the wall and two on the floor. When the stereo is at full power we can hear music all the way from the other end of the hall. As you focus your eyes towards the window, you notice our desk area. The right desk is considered my side, and the left is my roommate’s side. On my desk there is my black printer, an alarm clock, a lamp, and some of my favorite CDs. My favorite possession on my wooden table is the family picture that faces my bed. In the middle of the combined desk, we have our refrigerator and microwave, a Playstation Two video game system, a small fifteen inch television and next to the desk there is an air conditioner. This is used to keep us cool at night and during the day. My section of the room is odd because it is actually clean most of the time; however, I think of myself as being messy and lazy. There are two dressers in my room which are of different sizes, the smallest of which belongs to my roommate. The closet is divided into two sections like most of the things in my room. The dorm room is my safe-haven from college troubles. Half of it is messy with cluttered desks and clothes thrown over the floor, but my side remains clean and organized. I enjoy staying in my room and surrounding myself with the comforts of home: my country’s flag and pictures from home. My parent’s smiling faces are cheering to me. Everything from the soothing color on the walls to the model posters hanging up makes me feel at home here at Newberry and lets me forget my homesickness.
Psychiatric Nursing: A Guide to DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial System Essay
Introduction            The heart of the DSM-IV-TR system is the multiaxial format that uses five levels or areas to perform a thorough diagnosis. This system recognizes the complexity of diagnosis and the interrelatedness of many factors that are components of a mental disorder diagnosis. The multiaxial system generally takes into account psychological, physical, internal, external, developmental, and social factors. The five axes that make up the system are as follows:            Axis I: Clinical Disorders – other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention            Axis II: Personality Disorders – Mental retardation            Axis III: General Medical Conditions            Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems            Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Axis I: Clinical Disorders and Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation            Axis I and Axis II are the key components of the multiaxial system and are used o record the 340 disorders in the classification system. The distinction between the two axes has a historical basis. Axis I is used to record what in the past were viewed as neuroses and psychoses, and Axis II is used to record what were referred to as character disorders. Neuroses were considered deficiencies and limitations that could impair, but not chronically alter, almost al areas of functioning and could be effectively relieved with intervention. Character disorders were viewed as long-standing defects ingrained in the developmental process of childhood that caused major, lifelong dysfunction in most aspects of life and were not generally amenable to treatment. This is most likely why payers consistently reimburse clinicians for Axis I disorders and not Axis II disorders, since Axis I disorders can be changed through intervention, whereas Axis II disorders are unalterable, and paying for treatment of intractable disorders is an inefficient use of funds.            In the existing system, Axis I is used to trace clinical disorders in the foremost section of DSM-IV-TR, in addition to other situations that may be a focus of clinical awareness. Axis II is used for reporting personality disorders and mental retardation. A separate axis is included for personality disorders and mental retardation to ensure that they are not overlooked, since Axis I disorders are more evident during an assessment. Axis II can also be utilized to record maladaptive character features and protection methods. Personality features and defense mechanisms are recorded without codes. Axis III: General Medical Conditions            Axis III is used to record coexisting physical disorders that may be associated with a mental disorder or may be independent of the mental disorder but related to its treatment. These conditions are classified outside the â€Å"Mental Disorders†.            Universal medical circumstances can be related to mental disorders in a diversity of traditions. Sometimes, it is obvious that the broad medical situation is frankly etiological to the expansion or deterioration of mental indications and that the method for this outcome is physiological. In cases of a mental illness that is diagnosed to be an outright physiological outcome of the overall medical circumstance, a Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition must be identified on Axis I and the overall medical state must be documented on both Axis I and Axis III.            Such situations in which the etiological correlation involving the universal medical state and the mental signs is inadequately comprehensible to demand an Axis I finding of Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, the suitable mental illness should be recorded and coded on Axis I; the overall medical state must be only be coded on Axis III.            In a case where a person has over one clinically pertinent Axis III finding, all must be documented. If no Axis III abnormality is there, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: None.†If an Axis III diagnosis is postponed, in the course of the gathering of supplementary information, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: Deferred.†Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems            Axis IV is for documenting psychosocial and environmental troubles that may have an effect on the judgment management, and prediction of mental disorders (Axes I and II). Any life events can trigger, worsen, or perpetuate mental disorders. Axis IV encourages clinicians to consider factors that may be critical in the overall management of the patient.            Typically, the stressors are restricted to those that have occurred in the past year. However, long-standing, chronic, or severe problems that occurred many years in the past that still have an enduring influence are also recorded. Psychosocial and environmental problems that become the primary focus of clinical attention (usually in the absence of another psychiatric diagnosis) are recorded on Axis I. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning            Axis V allows you to judge how well your patient has been able to function at work, in social relations, and during leisure time. This assessment is doe by using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) to rate your patient’s level of functioning at the time of the evaluation, and you may also want to rate his or her highest level of functioning for at least a few months during the past year. The patient’s current level of functioning will generally reflect his or her need for treatment, and the highest level of functioning in the past year is likely to have some prognostic significance, because patients often return to their previous levels of functioning after an episode of illness.            You will want to consult DSM-IV to determine how to evaluate your patients’ situations with respect to psychosocial stressors (Axis IV) and global assessment of functioning (Axis V). In many health care facilities, the use of Axis IV and Axis V is optional. References: McDonald, J. J., & Kulick, F. B. (2002). Mental and Emotional Injuries in Employment Litigation (2nd ed.). Washington DC: BNA Books. Munson, C. E. (2001). The Mental Health Diagnostic Desk Reference: Visual Guides and More for Learning to Use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) (2nd ed.). New York: Haworth Press. Â
Thursday, August 29, 2019
HRM315-0703B-06 Managing Human Resources Phase 3 Discussion Board Essay
HRM315-0703B-06 Managing Human Resources Phase 3 Discussion Board - Essay Example enowned psychological theorist from the 20th Century, describes his Hierarchy of Needs, involving five psychological factors which drive employee motivation. Under this theory, once basic physiological needs are met (such as food, water, or simply the existence of a paying career), the employee then requires safety in order to maximize their potential. After meeting needs for safety, belonging is the next tier on the hierarchy, followed by esteem needs, finally reaching self-actualization as the pinnacle of their total capabilities (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Basically, Maslow suggests that motivating employees can be as simple as supplying a secure, well-paying job and giving employees positive feedback regularly when they exceed or meet corporate expectations. This satisfies their psychological needs for security and esteem, allowing them to explore establishing quality peer relationships to reach their fullest potential, thus boosting total productivity. Research has uncovered that equity builds internal motivation within employees, involving perceived fairness regarding their receipt of business rewards equal to their total contribution to the firm (Mathis & Jackson, 2005). If employees feel they are working quite hard for the company, perhaps exceeding expectations, but are not receiving an equitable bonus or compensation reward, they will likely have lowered morale and be non-productive, even angry employees. With this in mind, it is extremely important to the business that managers maintain close monitoring and association with employees who are routinely productive so as to offer fair reward to the employees who deserve it. Many managers, also, tend to forget the importance of non-verbal communication when they are dealing with employees. This is the sending and interpretation of messages with emotional content including facial expressions, eye contact, and tone of voice (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2005: 638). Managerial posture often indicates whether the
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Strategic Thinking and CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Strategic Thinking and CSR - Essay Example Strategic thinking gives leaders an opportunity to explore different ways of doing business that add value to the company. Strategic thinking requires thinking 'outside the box' and considering non-traditional ways of doing business. According to the Centre for Applied Research strategic thinking includes exploring the following: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) requires adding a key element to Strategic Thinking. CSR requires the business to look at the realm of social responsibility. CSR is the integration of a business into society. This integration requires that the company take a look at its 'neighbourhood' and create and maintain a relationship that benefits both society and the business. The business has to look for opportunities to be a good citizen. CSR is all about building positive relationships within the community. These positive relationships can take the form of relationships with universities, ethical research, product safety, recycling, education and job training, safe working conditions, etc(HBR, 2006) An example of Corporate Social Responsibility is Malden Mills. On December 11 of 1995 a factory in Massachusetts burned to the ground. Malden Mills employed about 3000 people from the local community and when the mill burnt down many thought their jobs were gone as well. Aaron Feuerstein was the owner of Malden Mills at the time and was faced with a monumental decision. What next Most would try to recoup costs and leave the community with 3000 unemployed people. Feuerstein chose the unthinkable route of keeping all 3000 people on the payroll while the mill was rebuilt. Aaron Feuerstein answered the 'why' question by replying "The fundamental difference is that I consider our workers an asset, not an expense."(Boulay, 1996) Feuerstein considered his investment in human capital as his most important investment. He was quoted as saying "I have a responsibility to the worker, both blue collar and white collar. I have an equal responsibility to the community. It would have been unconscio nable to put 3,000 people on the streets and deliver a death blow to the cities of Lawrence and Methuen. Maybe on paper our company is worth less to Wall Street, but I can tell you its worth more. We're doing fine.'"(Boulay, 1996). It is clear that Feuerstein felt that it was Malden Mill's corporate responsibility to care for its human capital as well as its structural capital (the mill). Feuerstein kept his 3000 employees on the payroll with full benefits for three months while the factory was rebuilt. A business that does not position itself as a contributing member of a community stands to lose in the long run. An example of a company not being socially responsible would be a food store in a small community. This
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Strategy Implementation - Smart Water Research Paper
Strategy Implementation - Smart Water - Research Paper Example This brand is targeted to replace carbonated soft drinks, which are believed to have high calorie intake (Griffin & Moorhead 321). Smart Water is designed to address the needs of the customers who are concerned with their health status. This â€Å"Nutrient enhanced water†has imposed strong competition, not only against other bottled water, but also against other carbonated soft drinks, of which it acts as a perfect substitute (Griffin & Moorhead 322). The Smart Water packaging is designed to conform to the company’s policies and practices. The packaging is made out of sustainable and recyclable materials, which is consistence with the company’s sustainable packaging policy. Key performance indicators are often used to monitor sustainable packaging (Griffin & Moorhead 323). One of the company’s policies is to disclose the use of recycled materials in its products: a strategy that was successfully implemented in the production and packaging of Smart Water. Some of the company’s policies and practices that relate to the packaged water include; water recycling initiatives, water efficiency targets, water efficiency process, disclosed water conserved, reveal water use at Non-US Facilities, disclose normalized water use, policies to improve the efficiency of water use, and climate change policies that address water conservation and use (Griffin & Moorhead
Monday, August 26, 2019
Critically Assess the UN Response to the Crisis in Darfur Essay
Critically Assess the UN Response to the Crisis in Darfur - Essay Example However, there was an observation that the Sudan government failed to defuse and prosecute the Arab mercenaries. According to De Waal (2005), the UN considered engaging in the crisis by observing that the condition presented violated Article VII of the U.N Charter. Therefore, in the year 2004, the UN resolved to address the Darfur crisis. The UN designed a multifaceted response to the crisis with the sole aim of curbing the situation. Therefore, this paper critically examines the UN response on the Darfur crisis. The State of the Darfur Conflict Sudan has constantly struggled with the civil wars presented by the Arab-Christians conflicts. The Arabs who comprise the overriding group have exploited the southerners. These conflicts became grave in the year 2003 with emergence of â€Å"Sudan Liberation Army†(SLA) and â€Å"Justice Equality Movement†(JEM). These two groups attacked the government since the Arabs who promoted oppression of the blacks (De Waal 2005) dominate d the governance process. The Sudan government retaliated by executing attacks against the civilians in the South. Subsequently, there emerged an Arabic based group called Janjaweed, which furthered the attacks. Investigations provide that the Sudan government financed Janjaweed activities; however, administrators have maintained that the group is illegal (Moore & Pubantz 2008). Initially, UN ventured in the Darfur crisis by chairing a peace agreement between the Sudan government and SLA in the year 2003. However, the partisans to the peace agreement installed by the UN challenged the process and failed to follow it comprehensively. Consequently, conflicts progressed as characterized by deaths and destruction of property. Hopper (2010), observes that Janjaweed’s activities led to death of about 30 000 blacks in Sudan. Importantly, the conflict has led to eviction of over a million Africans from their lands. The UN observed that the crises had presented a pathetic condition in the ground with its policy makers claiming that more than two million Sudanese need care. According to Mamdani (2009), the UN policy makers observed that the Darfur case clustered among the worst global humanitarian crises hence the body observed that there was need of executing the necessary response. The UN initiated instituted investigative bodies that found stern violation of the human rights (Hopper 2010). This was against the policies of the â€Å"International Covenant on Civil and Political Right†(ICCPR) and â€Å"International Criminal Court†(ICC) to which the Sudan government holds the membership. Therefore, the UN could successfully challenge the government’s activities legally (Steidle & Wallace 2007). Consequently, the UN subscribed actively to the Darfur activities. There is a concern among some UN policy makers that the Darfur situation demands a declaration that quantifies as a genocide case; however, this continues to elicit debates (Totten a nd Markusen 2006). The UN and Darfur Situation The UN engaged in the Darfur conflicts initially due to the disinclination of Sudan government in countering the crisis. Humanitarian advocates who observed that the concern needed critical attention raised the matter to the UN panel in the year 2003. The UN’s humanitarian docket claimed that situation poses a serious humanity concern since by then the crisis had displaced about 600, 000 people (Hagan & Rymond-Richmond
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Sources of Power in an Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Sources of Power in an Organization - Essay Example He asserts that many researchers have been struggling to come up with more sources but â€Å"For the most part, French and Raven’s list remains intact†. Therefore, we keep our discussion restricted to these five sources of power of which the first three are about power that the person receives from the organization because of his position, and the last two are about power that a person brings to the organization. 1) Legitimate Power It is that power which is given to the members from the organization with the help of which they can demand certain behaviors from other members. Members of one position can ask members of other positions to do a task for them, for example, employees may be empowered to ask for customer information from the database if need be. This legitimate power involves mutual agreement between employees with which they are able to respond to each other. If a project manager demands that his subordinate should spend extra hours on the module, his power can be restricted if the latter has not signed the mutual agreement. 2) Reward Power It is the power that an employee enjoys when he has â€Å"to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions (i.e., negative reinforcement)†(Alexandrou). Managers have the power to decide which employees are liable for rewards like bonuses, vacations, promotions and allowances. Employees also have the power to influence the promotions of their supervisors through 360 degree feedback system. 3) Coercive Power This power enables employees to ask their authorities to punish other employees like firing or demoting them. Team members have the power of, for example, sarcasm to make the team members work efficiently and conform to the norms. The main aim of coercive power is to control the negative behavior shown by employees in an organization so that overall wellness of the organizational culture is achieved. This way, the overall co-worker performance is also enhanced. Hence, this source is considered as a beneficial aspect of power. 4) Expert Power This power comes from within the person, with which he is able to influence others through his skills, capabilities and knowledge. Military persons can be helpful in organizations due to their military capabilities. Doctors can bring their expertise to the organizations and can help others with their doctoral capabilities and power. Lawyers can be helpful to organizations because they provide their expert advice in many situations. This is all expert power that enables them to bring changes to the organization through their informed decisions and expertise. Expert power has gained significance since the concept of knowledge based organizations have arise where different sorts of expertise group together to form a powerful union. 5) Referent Power This power enables an individual to inspire others so much that others start following them and referring them to others. People start liking and re specting these persons and talk about their charisma. My Organization My hospital setting mostly enjoys legitimate power. Here, I give examples from my organizational environment to make my point clear. Employees in my organization are required to sign a mutual agreement according to which they give their consent whether they are ready to provide their services when they are required by employees belonging to any other position. A resident physician can ask the authorities to assign him an internee physician to
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Improving or Enhancing Quality and Competency Development at the Dissertation
Improving or Enhancing Quality and Competency Development at the Nursing Facuilty Using Leadership skills - Dissertation Example The proposed research aims to explore the strategies that can be applied in improving nursing teaching using the leadership skills. The objectives of the study include identifying the leadership strategies that can be applied in improving teaching, assessing the teaching needs of the nursing faculty, evaluating the effective approaches applicable in improving these needs and developing a practical strategy capable of improving the teaching environment. The primary method of data collection will involve questionnaires. Journals and books will be used to provide secondary information source related to the topic of study. Table of Contents A Research Proposal on Strategies of Improving Quality and Competency Development in Nursing Faculty Using Leadership skills 1 Abstract 1 Leadership is the interpersonal process that involves motivating and guiding others to achieve goals. Leadership involves the use of interpersonal skills to influence others in the accomplishment accomplish a specif ic goal. ... The objectives of the study include identifying the leadership strategies that can be applied in improving teaching, assessing the teaching needs of the nursing faculty, evaluating the effective approaches applicable in improving these needs and developing a practical strategy capable of improving the teaching environment. The primary method of data collection will involve questionnaires. Journals and books will be used to provide secondary information source related to the topic of study. 1 Table of Contents 2 PURPOSE OF STUDY 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 AIM 8 OBJECTIVES 8 RESEARCH QUESTION 8 Pre-Observation Interview Questions 10 Post-Observation Interview Questions 10 DATA ANALYSIS 12 Statistical figures such as charts and graphs will be used in the analysis of quantitative data. Descriptive statistics will also be used to ascertain the demographic characteristics of the sample. Qualitative data will be analysed through content analysis. 12 CONCLUSION 12 RATIONAL Improving nursing te aching requires exceptional leadership with the will to promote change, ambition to set high-level goals and commitment in implementation. Application of leadership skills involves being clear about the goals to be applied in the improvement of the organisational goals, agreeing on an effective approach for implementation and focusing on the implementation and monitoring progress. Global nursing faculties are looking for the most cost-effective and quality means of delivering efficient nursing education, with the main focus being improving the employee competence. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of the study is to identify the strategies of improving teaching in faculties through application of the leadership skills.
Friday, August 23, 2019
Law problem scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Law problem scenario - Essay Example As a result, Brian has sought a conveyance and with an alleged approval of Derek, sells off the property to Eric without the knowledge of Chloe, who also owns the property. Albert is no more, and therefore, he cannot be called up to elaborate on any unclear issues in relation with the will, such as the sharing mechanisms of the house. The acquisition and or the act of ceding ownership of the property by any of the three new owners of Acacia Garden, on condition of its being commingled with each others claim on the same attracts ‘confusion.’ Notably, in confusion, any of the three new owners of the property are commingled, and as such it cannot be split and reverted back to its original condition, before Albert had written the will. In light of this, the property is expected to retain its features as envisaged in the will, and as such the will binds the three regarding the management and use of the property. Through the will, the three of Albert’s grandchildren hav e legal and equitable ownership of the house (Proffatt, 1989, p.31). Legal concept and equitable ownership Chloe like her co-owners of the property have the legal and equitable ownership rights on Acacia Garden, subject to the will. Therefore, she should be entitled to any returns that may arise from the sale or use of the property. The idea of beneficial ownership, as a deviation from the precise legal ownership forms an imperative part of the English legal tradition. In Medieval times, an aggrieved party could only gain legal redress if they supported their petition with an existing legal document. Such documents were usually few and rigid and rarely served justice. In such scenarios, plaintiffs served the Chancellor with their petitions, complaining that the prevailing conditions fell beyond the scope of the general systems. In response, the Chancellor then opted to issue or retain remedy to the plaintiff depending on his judicious evaluation of the case. These verdicts eventuall y evolved into a structure of law referred to as equity (Ayotte, & Bolton, 2011, p. 3401). Equity is a distinct body of laws that is different from the prevailing common law. From this legal concept, the current English law separates equity from legal ownership, in which case, equity permits the exploitation and gain from the property to be looked at in a different way from the legal possession of the same. Whereas Chloe and Derek retain ownership of the property, Brian would manage it and share whatever returns it yields with his concurrent owners. But despite the fact that Acacia Garden is a concurrent estate, he has refused to honour the interests of the others. According to Craig, and de Burca, (2011, p.120), the property is possessed by three persons simultaneously and as such the parties have equitable rights to it including its sale. Chloe should emphasize her role by citing the joint tenancy rule, which refers to a concurrent relationship whereby a property is owned by two o r more parties simultaneously and under the same legal document. In this case the will written by decedent Albert serves as the binding legal document that should serve its purpose of ensuring the fiduciary duty plays out in the management and or sale of the property. Regardless of the sanctity of the will, Brian opts to violate and sell the property without following the due process of the law. Brian’s blatant disregard for common law presents legal challenges which may not be easily solved, especially now that he cannot be traced. Derek also claims ignorance of the
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Canadian Plays - Einstein's Gift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Canadian Plays - Einstein's Gift - Essay Example unce his German citizenship and migrate to the United States in 1933, but finally it is his theory of relativity that was made use of to make the atom bomb by the America he had adopted or where he tried to find solace. James Wallert who is Otto in the play and who has been Haber’s assistant for quite a long time is very persuasive in all his dealings. He had helped Haber in all his work but when he did not receive any credit for his actions, he left Haber and joined the opposite party. Haber makes use of his own uncle Ludwig who was supposedly killed in 1874 in Japan by a Samurai warrior. He makes use of these incidents to create a running anecdote for the plays progression. The end of this incident has his Uncle Ludwig and the samurai getting killed by their own weapons. Both Haber and Einstein were long distance friends for a good number of years. Though both of them were scientists they had conflicting views on Science and religion. While one of them believed in pure Science, the other believed in the practicality of Science, One such thing was religion. Though neither of the two were in any way religious, yet they had conflicting ideas on religion. Einstein did not deny his faith but never practiced it either, while Haber used his religion to try to satisfy his ambition by converting himself to Christianity. Though Einstein was not too religious and did not follow his religion well, yet, Haber presented him with the gift of a ‘kippah’ and a prayer shawl. The ‘kippah’ meaning ‘covering’ is the headdress (skull cap) of the Jewish men which according to the Jewish tradition symbolizes ‘moral perfection’ as seen in God Almighty. In the beginning, this tradition of the ‘kippah’ was followed by the Jewish priests but gradually it came to be adopted by even the lay people. The ‘kippah’ now symbolizes piety and an awareness that God is ever present with us and is worn by anyone who reads their Holy Book the ‘Torah’. Einstein has
The True Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free
The True Meaning of Life Essay What is the meaning of life? Well known Greek philosphers such as Socrates and Plato believed that our purpose in this life was to gain knowledge in preparation for the next life. Other Philosophers such as Epicurus believed that pleasure is the main goal in life. After giving these ideas lots of thought, I have come to my own conclusion that the true meaning of life is far more complex than either of these; far too complex for any human to fully comprehend. In fact these two different philosophies are only part of the grand picture. If it were that easy for men to figure out our lives wouldnt be so messed up now. The meaning of life revolves around many different things. I think these things include: self-understanding, development of mind and soul, and an afterlife. According to Epicurus, pleasure was the meaning of life. His ideas of life were completely opposite of Plato. Epicurus, in my opinion was a little bit niave and narrow minded in his view on the subject. He would say that the meaning of likfe was to experience pleasure until the end of your existence. He did not believe in an afterlife or that a person had a soul that lived forever. He just thought when you are gone thats it. I disagree with all of that because I have many religious beliefs from which I derive the meaning of life. One of these beliefs is that there is life after death, and that there is one supreme being of the universe. This goes back to Aristotles first mover theory. I would however agree that life is a balancing act between pain and pleasure; or good and evil. You cant have one without the other. For every thing in existence there is always something of opposition. Another ancient Greek philosopher was Socrates. Socrates said the unexamined life is not worth living. I agree with this in a sense that if you cant look back at your life and be proud of your accomplishments, then everything that you ever did was in vain. You have to be able to look at the mistakes you have made and be able to learn from that or you are doomed to repeat those mistakes. Maybe on a deeper level Socrates might have been talking about analyizing the purpose of ones life. This in my opinion is just as important. I feel that in order for me to succeed in life I have to at least examine the meaning of my being. I believe that it comes to a point in every persons life where they sit back and think why am I here? Whether it happens often or not, I wouldnt believe any person of sane health that said they never once thought about it. Socrates also said that the good of life is knowledge. He believed in a higher good in life that could be achieved through an endless search for knowledge. His definition of higher good was when virtue and knowledge united. Although I agree that what Socrates speaks of is an important part of living, I would not go so far as to say it is the reason for liveing. I say this partially because of my definition of knowledge. I see knowledge not as just to be found in the universe, but in a way created by humans not unlike myself. Many things that are classified as knowledge such as: language, mathematics, and history are all human created. Our language was created by people in earlier civilizations, as well as mathematics. History is the story of these early people and civilizations. Should I assume that my reason for living is to learn of someone elses life? If so, what was that persons meaning for living? Undoubtitly these things are of tremendous value to our civilization and how we live. But I ask myself once again how does it relate to why we live. As far as Socrates belief in a higher good, I agree 100%. I honestly believe that there is a higher good that can be achieved but not just through the search of knowledge. My theory of how higher good can be achieved is that a person must fully understand themself. That is when a person is able to recognize their potentiol and develop it. They also have to be able to relinquish any doubt they have about themself. One must commit to their spirituallity. Finally they have to become physically stronger. Not meant to offend anyone, but the highest good to me, is the best that you can be. A weak body is vulnerable and doesnt complete a person as a whole. An interesting connection to that is how it is said that humans only use a small fraction of their brain. I believe when someone can tap into the rest of their brain, they will be close to if not at their highest good. Last but not least we have the philosopher Plato, who was the pupil of Socrates. Therefore many of their ideas are similar if not identical. Plato also believed that knowledge was the most essential part of life. He thought that learning and knowing the truth was the only way to achieve perfection, and striving for perfection was the goal of life. I believe Plato may have been on to something. I have made it in one of my personnal philosophies in life to strive for perfection. Although deep in the back of my mind I know it is unattainable I still try like it is. This reminds me of a quote that I read that said aim for the moon, fore even if you miss you will land among the stars. I just means to improve you have to set your standards high. Once again that is only part of the bigger picture that is called life. Striving for wholeness and perfection, as I perceive are mere steps to achieving a higher good, and therefore are not the cumulative meaning of life. Plato was probaby the philosopher I most agree with. He also believed in an after life and preparation for it. But I dont particularly agree with him when he say that a higher good could only be accomplished by giving up all pleasure. Obviously there has to be some sacrifice, but to give up all pleasure would be to give up on what you are trying to accomplish. I think of pleasure as one of the most powerful motivating forces ikn life. Whether it be intellectual of physical a person has to be able to enjoy what they are doing to excel above and beyond. Even Plato had to in some way had to enjoy philosophizing or he probably wouldnt do it. It is now evident that the meaning of life has to far more complex for any one person to fully understand. All these ideas of these different philosophers are not necessarily inaccurate, just incomplete. All peices to a puzzle that I have no way of fully figuring out. Socrates spoke of a higher good to be achieved. Nobody has seemed to accomplish this yet in life. There are so many obstacles that we face as we try to achieve a higher good. Many of these are based in the fact that we are human beings, and because of that are flawed by the ways of our culture. Things such as self-doubt, worry, ignorance, and the values put into our heads since the day we were born all are road blocks on our way to a higher level. Also being human beings makes vulnerable to the ways of the world around us, so it is not easy to block these things out of our lives. In a summary I believe this life to be stage in which we are to develop our minds, bodies, and souls to their highest potential in preparation for the afterlife. A person living by this philosophy would probably become a genius or great thinker. But like Eupicures, Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato I could only form my own opinions of the subject. There isnt anyway for me to figure out whether I am right or wrong. Only God could ever really know the true meaning.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Factors Affecting Health Communication Campaigns
Factors Affecting Health Communication Campaigns A comparison of HIV Aids and Polio Campaigns in Aligargh, Uttar Pradesh Introduction: Last two decades of the century has seen a renewed interest in the field of health communication, disease prevention and health promotion. This was because it was realized that continued investments in clinical health research brings diminishing returns if it is not accompanied with strategic information, education and communication(IEC) efforts. (Pencheon, Guest, Melzer, Gray, 2004) Public and government health departments are rich with tacit knowledge regarding health communication practices and the problems encountered with the population in their geographical area. However this information is rarely collected and written down due to lack of resources. Effective communication can spread knowledge, value and social norms. This can be instrumental in affecting behaviour and improving the over-all health status of the population. India faces a dual challenge in tackling the problem of HIV Aids and Polio. First is the overall high population and poor living conditions of people living in small towns and villages, and second is the complex socio- cultural factors which lead to poor awareness and stigma attached to these diseases. It is important to understand these factors which affect the impact of health communication campaigns in a particular geo-graphical sub system if a comprehensive micro understanding of this field has to be generated. Moreover there always exists a gap between the people who design health communication campaigns and the campaign implementers. An assessment and feed-back from the grass root level implementers needs to be taken if this gap has to be effectively filled. This research hopes to uncover these insights which will be useful not only to the academics but also to the practitioners. Literature review Health Communication: Health communication involves the use of communication strategies by experts in public health domain to influence the health behaviour of people. It is a link between health care practices and communication which has a significant impact on influencing individual and community behaviour towards health and thereby a huge potential to significantly improve their life. (Neil Mckee, 2004) HIV AIDS: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. As the infection progresses, the immune system becomes weaker, and the person becomes more susceptible to infections. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It can take 10-15 years for an HIV-infected person to develop AIDS; antiretroviral drugs can slow down the process even further. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal), transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Global Case load: HIV Aids In countries most heavily affected, HIV has reduced life expectancy by more than 20 years, slowed economic growth, and deepened household poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa alone, the epidemic has orphaned nearly 12 million children aged less than 18 years. The natural age distribution in many national populations in sub-Saharan Africa has been dramatically skewed by HIV, with potentially perilous consequences for the transfer of knowledge and values from one generation to the next. In Asia, where infection rates are much lower than in Africa, HIV causes a greater loss of productivity than any other disease, and is likely to push an additional 6 million households into poverty by 2015 unless national responses are strengthened (Commission on AIDS in Asia, 2008). According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), HIV has inflicted the single greatest reversal in human development in modern history (UNDP, 2005). Fig 1.1 A global view of HIV Infection (UNAIDS, 2008) The current statistics on HIV/AIDS as published by UNAIDS (2008) are: Estimate People living with HIV/AIDS 33.0 million Adults living with HIV/AIDS 30.8 million Women living with HIV/AIDS 15.5 million Children living with HIV/AIDS 2.0 million People newly infected with HIV in 2007 2.7 million Children newly infected with HIV in 2007 0.37 million AIDS deaths in 2007 2.0 million Child AIDS deaths in 2007 0.27 million Fig. 1.2 -Current Statistics on HIV Aids Global Health Communication initiatives for HIV Aids: Education Entertainment Approach: The Soul City, South Africa (Goldstein, Japhet, E.Scheepers, 2004) South Africa even though a developed country had a wretched health care system, mainly due to long years of apartheid practices. In late 1990s Dr Garth Japhet, a young doctor observed this at Alex clinic. He observed that the health communication efforts in South Africa where very slogan based and not sustainable. Bursts of activity like National Aids day were not enough. There was no formative research before planning these campaigns. More over the campaigns followed a Top Down approach, and lacked synergies between medical community, government and media. Soul City was an extensive multi media campaign started in South Africa, due to the efforts of Dr Garth Japhet. The whole campaign was a collection of mass media campaigns which were connected and implemented year on year. There was a 13 part prime time- television series called Soul city, which was accompanied by a 60 episode radio show. Even though content of both these shows was not similar yet they both highlighted same health issues. Later on printed IEC material was also developed and distributed based on the characters of Soul City. These booklets were also reviewed by 11 top newspapers of the country. Through 1994 to 1999 five series of Soul city were broadcasted. These were consisted rated as top three most watched drama series in South Africa. The Radio program also got very high listenership ratings. Formative research and high creative input went into designing the IEC material which was targeted uniquely to adults and young population. The key to success of Soul City multimedia program was use of media conversion, from print to radio to television. This encouraged inter-personal discussions about health issues. Learning: Locally developed content which has quality entertainment works well For a multimedia educational model to succeed it should return value to all the stake holders Media advocacy leads to policy and social change A continual and integrated multimedia strategy is necessary if the effect of communication has to be sustained. Against Stigma: ACT UP, United States of America (Documents archive/Act Up explained) Stigma is a problem which plagues every country and becomes a very important factor in HIV + people seeking help and coming out in public .The Aids Coalition to unleash power , is one such organisation which attempts to remove this stigma through bold and creative action. They boldly use their slogan Silence = Death which urges people to speak up about HIV and Aids. They seek to normalize talks about condoms and Aids by radical action like sticking posters on telephone booths which say this telephone has been touched by a person with Aids Public demonstrations at churches, baseball fields, Wall Street etc are held to imply that Aids is everybodys business. Once during a Sunday sermon session in New York the ACT UP activists did staged a mass die in outside to highlight the bishops silence on Aids. ACT UP activists use linguistic symbols to make strong statements like -No, Glove No Love and Aids is no ball game. These were used as places like Shea baseball stadium. Learning: ACT UP founder Larry Kramer studied the fight against stigma by Mahatma Gandhi and Dr Martin Luther King and suitably adapted it for modern day audience Use of creative and clutter breaking ideas helps discussion and normalization of sensitive issues like stigma Use of public demonstration, Sit ins and Die ins helps create buzz and social change. Health communication efforts for HIV Aids in India: The National Aids Control Program (UNAIDS, 2008): Every State in India has an Aids prevention and Control Society which under supervision from NACO carries out local initiatives. The second Stage of National Aids control program (NACP) ended on March 2006.This focussed on various platforms to promote youth education about safe sex, safe blood donation and HIV testing. Various platforms like Street plays, concerts, national aids day, TV and radio spots, and celebrity endorsements were utilised. Use of teachers and peer group influencers was done to disseminate knowledge about HIV aids The third stage of NACP will have a strong focus on condom promotion. The installation of over 11,000 condom vending machines in colleges, road-side restaurants, stations, gas stations and hospitals has been done. With support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the government has also initiated a campaign called Condom Bindas Bol!, which involves advertising, public events and celebrity endorsements. It aims to break the taboo that currently surrounds condom use in India, and to persuade people that they should not be embarrassed to buy them. (Shhhhnot anymore!) Various multi-media campaigns have been implemented in India to create awareness about HIV. These include special communication programs to target special audience like sex workers, truck drivers, and street children. Radio programs are broadcasted on a regular basis to disseminate information. Field publicity units, Drama and song division has been set up to target rural India. Aids hotlines with around 1097 toll free numbers have been set up in major cities of India. A very successful program has been the University Talk Aids (UTA program), which covered 4,044 institutions in India and reached out to 3.5 million students. The program was implemented by National Service Scheme with assistance from WHO and NACO.Independent evaluation suggested that the program was highly successful in creating a healthy attitude about sex among young children  Communication regarding Condom promotion: Social marketing of Condoms combined with free distribution has been used to promote usage among general public as well as high risk groups. Department of Family welfare has been instrumental in distribution and supply of condoms. Family Health Awareness Campaign This campaign was focussed on creating awareness about RTI and STI among the general public as well as the field level functionaries. This campaign is organised annually in rural as well as urban slum areas. (Shaukat Mohammed, 2003) Reaching Special Audiences: Reaching Men who have Sex with men (MSM): Case Study Naz foundation Trust of India: (Rakesh, 2002) Background: India with a very high population runs the risks of very high PLHA even if a low prevalence rate of HIV is present. Even though most sources of infection are through hetero-sexual sex yet in certain areas like north -eastern India, IDU becomes a dominant factor for HIV transmission. Strategy: The Naz foundation was set up in 1994 to address sexual health issues of MSM, women, truck drivers and PLHA. The key communication objectives were: Communication about modes of transmission Prevention and risk reducing strategies Means of accessing treatment The intervention strategies utilised were: Community outreach: Nine outreach sites which were staffed with officers who provided information on safe sexual health practices, condom usage and provided referrals STI referrals: A non judgemental approach to STI risk patients was followed. STI clinics were set up with a MSM friendly physicians Social and Group meetings: support groups were formed to help MSM and create a freer environment for information interchange Counseling:Telephone hot lines and personal counselling was set up to address MSM concerns Results: The implementation of Naz foundation strategies was evaluated and it showed a number of positive results. An increase from 11 % to 43% for all time condom usage ,the STI clinic visits increased from 24% to 56%, and condom usage by male sex workers increased from 20% to 43 % Learning: Naz foundation realized that in order to reach out to special audiences tailored solutions are necessary. Some risk groups like female partners of MSMs are very difficult to reach and hence intensive efforts are needed in this area. Reaching out to Injecting Drug Users (IDU): Case Study IDUs in New Delhi India (Dorabjee, 1998) Background: In some cities of India like New Delhi the HIV prevalence rate among IDU users is as high as 85%.The Indian NGO Sharan has been working for IDU since 1979,and has done some breakthrough work in this area.(AIDS Analysis Asia ,1996). Strategy: IDU were motivated to join either drug substitution therapy which involved substituting drug injections to oral drug usage or needle exchange program where the registered IDU users vouched to stop exchanging needles during drug usage. The reason behind the success of this program was that it managed to develop a strong trust among IDU users because it employed recovering drug users as outreach workers. Constant feedback was sought from them and the program was modified accordingly. The IEC approaches used were counselling, peer education, information on sexual transmission of HIV aids, condom distribution and drug use prevention programs. Results: 33 % of registered IDU started taking oral drugs instead of Injections 21% stopped sharing needles Use of advocacy resulted in government accepting the use of harm reduction strategies for IDU users Learning: Political support is necessary for the success of any IEC project on sensitive issues. This can be influenced through strong advocacy Incorporating feedbacks by outreach workers and IDU can significantly increase the impact of the campaign A range of clinical, social and communication services are required to meet the purpose of HIV prevention among IDU users Addressing the mobile population: Case Study the Trucker Population of India (Bhoruka, 2001) There are about 50 million trucker population in India, who spend around ten months away from home. Around 70% of these engage in unprotected extra marital sex (UNAIDS, 2006).HIV infection is high in this segment along with a high STI danger. A major obstacle is that these truck drivers do not use condoms for road side sex as it regarded as a re-creational activity. Strategy: The Bhoruka public welfare trust (BPWT), attempted to reach these truck drivers through free tea parlours set up at 5 main route stops in India. These tea parlours offered a meeting ground for the truck drivers and offered tea, newspaper, TV and other forms of entertainment. However no prostitution or drugs were encouraged. Condoms, clinical counselling and STI medical referrals were offered at a subsidised rate. The most important aspect was focus on peer education and counselling. As these truck drivers discussed about their life, peer educators gave them counselling and information. Parking lots were used as another reaching stop where peer educator gave out condoms and IEC material. This program became so successful that various truck drivers themselves became informal peer educators. The tea-shops were also managed by truck drivers or sex workers. Informal truck driver peer educators were later trained and given certificates to become formal peer educators and work in these tea shops. Small motivational incentives like bags and pens were also offered to these truck drivers as well as informal peer educators. Results: Every tea centre reaches out to close to 48,000 people annually, provides subsidised treatment to 2,200 patients .Fifty percent of these patients are treated for STIs Around 200 truck drivers had been trained as peer educators by the year 2000 The condom social marketing component of this program was very successful, with steady increase in condom sales. Till 2000 there were 104,832 sold and 162 active condom distribution set up. Learning: A high level of motivation should be maintained amongst the peer learning groups. Its important to have support of all the stakeholders for the success of any ICE program. Poliomyelitis (polio) Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system. Many infected people have no symptoms, but do excrete the virus in their faeces, hence transmitting infection to others. Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. Polio can only be prevented by immunization (World Health Organisation) Global Case load: Polio Polio cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350 000 cases in more than 125 endemic countries then, to 1997 reported cases in 2006. In 2008, only parts of four countries in the world remain endemic for the disease the smallest geographic area in history. In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) Region of the Americas (36 countries) was certified polio-free, followed by Western Pacific Region (37 countries and areas including China) in 2000 and the WHO European Region (51 countries) in June 2002. In 2007, more than 400 million children were immunized in 27 countries during 164 supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). Globally, polio surveillance is at historical highs, as represented by the timely detection of cases of acute flaccid paralysis. Persistent pockets of polio transmission in northern India, northern Nigeria and the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan are key epidemiological challenges. As long as a single child remains infected with polio, children in all countries are at risk of contracting the disease. The poliovirus can easily be imported into a polio-free country and can spread rapidly among unimmunised populations. Between 2003 and 2005, 25 previously polio-free countries were re-infected due to importations. The four polio-endemic countries are Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Global Health Communication efforts for Pulse Polio: Strategic communication efforts in Afghanistan (Rafiqi, 2004) The Pulse polio eradication program of Afghanistan faced stiff challenges due to illiteracy, resistance, inaccessibility and worsening security conditions. Strategic approach for Polio health communication in Afghanistan focussed on advocacy, social mobilization, communication to support the program and training. Advocacy was achieved by involving top leaders at every program launch, and getting them involved at all levels by sharing epidemiological data. Social mobilization through involvement of religious leaders, mosque and prayer announcements, and inter-personal communication. Television and Radio was also utilized. Communication to support the program was achieved through district and community based forums which encouraged discussions, dedicated community specific social mobilization workers were employed and training was given to Imams and other religious leaders. Print media was used effectively for brochures, banners and leaflets. Learning: Its a challenge to shift the focus of health communication from campaign type to sustainable communication Advocacy at highest level is instrumental to success of the campaign Use of local facilities like mosques, bazaars, mobile loudspeakers etc lead to effective social mobilization Appropriate mix of print and radio can effectively reach mobile population Establish strong relationship with religious leaders Promote health education through health facilities as well as private practitioners Ensure all factions of community are involved including women Polio immunization efforts through public health education efforts in West Africa. (African Science Academy Development Initiative (ASADI), 2005) Nigeria faced a major challenge when polio vaccination was stalled in northern areas due to huge negative controversy in local as well international media regarding the safety of these oral medicines. Moreover allot of trusted religious leaders also spoke out against the vaccine. To fight this drastic loss of acceptance of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), a strong communication plan was developed with the objective that each child should get OPV drops.This was achieved through heightened advocacy through large scale public flag offs of campaigns, direct involvement of the president, working with the private companies including telecom companies, and engagement of religious as well as community networks. To focus on community education community mobilizers were assigned to high risk area, traditional media like street theatre, town criers, mobile cinema and folk songs were utilized. Mass media like TV spots and radio jingles were also integrated Effective use of Media for behaviour change was used. This included broadcasting in national languages, special programs for minority groups, projection of human interest stories to create positive dialogue, folk media, community theatre and mobile cinema followed by dialogue. Success of this campaign can be determined by the fact that the demand for immunization and OPV drops substantially increased. The OPV controversy was effectively resolved, along with support from key stake holders. Learning: Behaviour Change through public education and integrated mass and traditional campaigns can effectively result in more demand and acceptance of polio immunization. Health communication efforts for Polio: India Reducing resistance and increasing community dialogue: Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) India, 2007) Meerut is one of the regions of Uttar -Pradesh which is seen as high risk for the polio endemic. A highly innovative social mobilization campaign was implemented in Meerut, which involved: Use of distinct influencers; Three teams of 35 Urdu teachers,24 kirana store owners and Hajis (people who have completed Haj pilgrimage )were involved in these teams. Close to 25,000 primary schools were approached on republic day, to educate the children, inform them of the dates of immunisation so that better participation is achieved. Mosques were approached to educate the community. Their participation increase from 61% in January 2007 to 74% in February 2007. Meetings on a regular basis were conducted with mothers and daughter in laws, to discuss polio and child health issues. Booklets were published which contained poems written by local influential poets. These boosted the morale of health workers and also worked as strong advocacy measure. Due to these innovative techniques Meerut recorded the lowest no. of resistant households in Uttar Pradesh in 2007. Learning: Polio needs to be incorporated as a part of overall child health program . Consistent, open and on-going dialogue with all factions of community is necessary. Use of innovative techniques to create interest: Polio Joker (Kher, 2007) Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), hired Manchanda Jha to dress up as a joker and attract kids to polio booths .He sings songs about polio, does tricks, engages children and gives information about the importance of polio drops alongside.When dances and sings Chal chale polio boothpe hum sathiyoon, chalke do boondh jeevan ke le sathiyon the children are not only humoured but also an important message has been delivered. He became so successful that he came to be called Polio Joker popularly. He has been instrumental in reaching out to care-givers and kids in slum areas. This program was implemented for three years and has very high recall value. Learning: New entertaining techniques need to be implemented if communication has to reach children Communication methods should be tailored to meet the needs of high risk areas. Rationale of the research Health status of a country is influenced by a number of factors like food, water, income, sanitation, education and accessibility to health care services. Health communication campaigns and health services dont exist in a vacuum but are influenced by external socio-economic, cultural and factors. These factors play an important part on how health information education and communication campaigns are designed, implemented and finally received by the target audience. These factors also influence policies, resource allocation, technology, training of medical staff and communication strategies used. These in turn shape the health services system of a particular region. Studies which have documented the health communication efforts have restricted themselves to an analysis at national level. It will be not surprising to find that in a complex nation like India various sub-systems exist, and every sub-system might influence the message in its own way. HIV AIDS and Polio are two major health concerns faced by Indian population. On-going and consistent efforts are made to educate people regarding these. However again within a geographic sub-system people might react and respond both these campaigns in a differential manner owing to a variety of factors like sensitivity of the issue, complexity of the message and stigma. Through this study I wish to explore these factors which affect the impact of health communication campaigns of HIV Aids and Polio, in a geographic sub-system. Research Objectives: Through the analysis of the literature review and recommendation of my guide the following research objectives have been identified: To understand the health communication processes and initiatives undertaken for HIV Aids and Polio prevention/care at a sub-system, grass root level. To identify factors which lead to an differential impact of these health communication campaigns To suggest improvements ,if possible, to current health communication practices followed in the geographic sub-system Research Areas: Health communication campaigns which will be studied extensively are: Against HIV-Aids: These will include the communication efforts in the area of prevention (transmission through mother to child, sexual transmission and primary prevention) and against stigma. Against Pulse Polio: Campaigns for polio education and routine immunisation will be studied. This study aims to understand the use of traditional media, electronic and human channel employed at the grass root level. What are the problems faced in implementation, what are the intermediary factors which affect them, and what measures are taken to combat these problems. An evaluation of these campaigns will also be conducted based on how much has the target audience been receptive to them, and responded by either positive action or behaviour change. Ultimately both these campaigns will be compared and contrasted to arrive at the differentiating factors which impact the outcome of these. Research Methodology: Phase One An extensive secondary research will be done to establish a foundation for the primary research. The literature review provides certain learning about different methods of strategic health communication. This learning will be taken forward to secondary research where the focus will be kept on the grass root health communication initiatives undertaken in the chosen sub-system. In addition a case study method will be employed to shape up the key focus areas for the primary research. Phase two This phase will consist of primary research will be essentially qualitative and exploratory in nature. The purpose of this type of research methodology is to generate basic knowledge on relevant areas, discover associated factors, and identify information gaps. Data collection and Analysis: Secondary research will consist of data collection from online sources, medical and communication journals as well as reports. Various performance reports and internal documents which are generated at the primary sub-system level will also be looked into gather data. Expert In-depth interviews will be conducted to gain more understanding on the subject. It is important to note that the interviews will be open -ended and flexible to generate maximum insights. These interviews will involve extensive probing and will utilize the technique of laddering, An interview guideline will however be prepared for a comprehensive and systematic execution. Similar technique of in-depth interviews will also be employed to collect information from target audience regarding the appeal of the campaigns. The reason why in-depth-interviews will be used over other methods of data collection is: It is flexible It provides in-depth information about areas to be covered Since the area of study is very specialised it provides scope for clarification Some of the issues which needs to be discussed are personal in nature, a face to face and private discussion is necessary Like other techniques, this tool also suffers from certain limitations. It is prone to bias and largely depend on the skill of the interviewer. It is an expensive technique, can be time consuming and responses may be difficult to interpret. The structure of the interview is not clearly defined unlike a survey and so same questions may not be asked to all the respondents Area of Study: The chosen geographical sub-system for the primary research is Aligarh in UP. The reasons behind this are the following: Northern UP has a relatively high prevalence rate of HIV AIDS Its one of the few areas in India which is still Polio Endemic Familiarity with the local language Initial contacts are available Timeframe of the study: Phase one-: November till mid-December 2009 Phase two/primary research: Mid December to January 2010 Sampling: Sampling universe consists of all the experts in the area of the study, and the population to which the health communica
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
The Relationship Between Mass And Acceleration
The Relationship Between Mass And Acceleration Mass is a property of matter equal to the measure of an objects resistance to changes in either the speed or direction of its motion. The mass of an object is not dependent on gravity and therefore is different from but proportional to its weight. Speed is the time rate of change of position of a body without regard to direction. Linear speed is commonly measured in such units as meters per second, miles per hour, or feet per second. Velocity represents speed but according to the bodies direction. We can calculate from a distance time graph with dy/dx.  Acceleration describes the time rate the velocity is changing at. The relationship between acceleration and velocity is like the relationship between velocity and displacement. Acceleration is a vector quantity. For uniform velocity, a = 0. If a is a non-zero constant, the object is said to be uniformly accelerated. The average acceleration of an object is defined as: Average acceleration = change in velocity / time taken In my investigation, I will aim to find the relationship between mass and acceleration. Method I will do this be setting up an apparatus which will measure the rate of acceleration. First, I will set up a height of 15cm and length of 227cm ramp. At this height, I do not have to apply a force to the trolley to accelerate the trolley because it will be able to slide down due to the force of gravity. This way, the force of gravity can be kept constant. Then, I will use a ticker machine and ticker tape to measure the rate of acceleration. I will stick the ticker tape into a trolley of 850g and let it fall. Each 10 mark on the ticker tape represents 0.2 seconds so I will cut the ticker tape in strips of 10 marks. By plotting the strips onto a graph, it would tell us the speed in which the trolley travelled. From this, we can calculate the acceleration of the trolley: Acceleration = final velocity initial velocity =  D v                                               Time                          t I used a ticker machine to calculate the rate of acceleration because it would show the rate in which acceleration changes. If we just timed how long it takes for the trolley to reach the end of the trolley, it would only give us the average acceleration. It would not be possible to measure the change in acceleration. I chose 15cm height ramp because from our preliminary results we found the marks on the ticker tape appeared most clearly at this height. Previously, the height of the ramp was 43cm and it was too high of the marks to appear clearly and because of this, my results werent as accurate. The average angle of the ramp was 3.87 ÃÅ'Ã… . I chose this angle because I found from preliminary results that if the angle is too high, the marks on the ticker tape would not print accurately. Before, the average angle was 10.7 ÃÅ'Ã… and we found it difficult to read the ticker tape. I clamped the ramp in place because this way, the height of the ramp is less prone to change so it acceleration will only be affected by the mass of the trolley. This will make our results more accurate. I added 400g of mass each time because from preliminary tests, I found that the ranges of the results were too close to each other to see a correlation when we added 100g each time. So to make the results more clear to see if mass affects acceleration, I decided to add more weights. This way, there would be a greater difference in the results and it would be clearer to distinguish a correlation. I chose a trolley of 850g because the trolley was light weight and the wheels were fairly smooth. Because it was light weight it would be easier to add mass on and be less affected by friction. Because the wheels were smooth, the frictional force would be less. This will make our results more accurate. To keep my investigation fair, I will only change one factor- the trolleys mass. I will keep everything else the same such as the height of the ramp and the ramp itself because these factors would affect the results if theyre are not kept the same. Prediction I predict that the mass of the trolley will not affect the rate of acceleration. This is because according to Galileos laws of motion, all bodies accelerate at the same rate regardless of their size or mass. For example, the fact that a feather falls slower than a steel ball is due to amount of air resistance that a feather experiences (a lot) versus a steel ball (very little). Also according to Newtons second law, the acceleration and gravitational force of a body is directly proportional to each other. He adds to Galileos law of motion by saying everything falls at the rate of 9.8m/s. He calculates this by: (F=force, m=mass of Earth (), a=acceleration, r=radius of Earth, G=gravitational constant (6.7-10†¾Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¥ Nm ²/kg ²), g=gravitational force) If F=ma and F=gm ma=gm So you can cancel m to get a=g Factors which affects the rate of acceleration: Friction would affect the rate of acceleration because it increases the reluctant force by griping on the wheels and increasing the time it takes for the wheels to turn. Sometimes this can be good because it makes cars easier to manoeuvre. To show that friction affects the acceleration, we could carry out the same experiment, but instead of changing the mass, we would add different materials to the ramp. This would show us how surface area affects acceleration. The gradient in which the body is travelling would also affect the acceleration because some of the force would go into the other direction instead of going down so it experiences more drag. This would increase the time it takes for the body to fall. We can show this in our experiment by increasing the angle of the ramp instead of mass. The shape of the body will also affect its acceleration because the more wide it is the more air resistance/ drag it will have. Air resistance slows down an object because it opposes a force in the opposite direct to gravity, so the force of gravity is less. We can show this by changing the size of the surface area of the trolley but keeping mass the same. Results Average Acceleration From the graph, we can see that generally, as the mass increases, so does the acceleration. Theres a steep liner gradient from 850g-1650g, and acceleration increased by 4.82ms†¾Ã‚ ². Even though the actual results shows a decrease in acceleration between 1650g-2100 by 0.53 ms†¾Ã‚ ², the line of best fit tells us it is actually increasing. Overall, acceleration increased by 0.2m/s†¾Ã‚ ² every 100g that was added. Average Speed The average speed shows as the mass increased, so does its speed. There is a liner gradient between 850g-1250, and the speed increased by 1.7cm/s. From 250g-2050g, the speed decreases by 0.75cm/s ². However, from 2050g-2450g, the speed increases again by 0.66cm/s ². Overall, although it decreases, the line of best fit shows that it increases greatly from 850g-1250, then the line starts levelling out from 1250g-1450g. Accuracy Rating The accuracy rating generally shows that as the mass increases, the level of accuracy also increases. This graph shows the higher the number of accuracy, the lower the level of accuracy. There is a huge fall in the number of accuracy rating between 850g-2050. It went from 38.67 to 29, a difference of 9.67. From 850g-2050g, the number of accuracy kept decreasing and overall, it decreased by 14.3. However, from 2050g-2450g, it increased by 2. This may be because as mass increases, the bigger the friction is on the wheels. The larger the friction the better the wheels can grip on the surface so travels more accurately and is less likely to skid. This tells us, the results of acceleration and speed for 850g is very likely to be an outlier because the level of accuracy is very low. Comparison: When we compare the results of the average acceleration to its speed, we can see its directly proportional because as the acceleration increased, so did the speed. This is because acceleration shows how speed changes. When we compare the level of accuracy to the acceleration and speed, it tells us the results for 850g is very likely to be anomalie and possibly 1250g as well. If that were true, the graphs would show that there is no connection an objects mass to its acceleration. This would prove Galileos law of motion and Newtons second law that the rate of acceleration is constant and is not affected by size or mass. However, our experiment does prove their theories are correct because our experiment shows that the less resultant forces oppose to gravity (more friction in this case), the faster the body accelerates and does not depend on its mass. Evaluation I believe my experiment went fairly well because I felt I could justify the reasons why I obtained these results and although I have some anomalies, most of the results were fairly accurate. However, there were some flaws in my experiment such as: I found it hard to set off the trolley at the position on the ramp each time because it was not marked clearly. I did not wipe/grease the ramp after each experiment, doing this would have make the friction of the ramp more consistent When I plotted the strips of ticker tape on the graph, I did not line them accurately on the squares. This made some of my results inaccurate. Improvements To improve my experiment, I would have made the height of the ramp lower because it would experience more friction for the wheels to grip on. I would have also used trolleys with different masses but the same density. This way, drag/air resistance be more likely to be the same so there would only be one factor affecting the results. This would make out results more accurate. To obtained accurate results, we can perform this experiment in a vacuum. This is because in a vacuum, you would not experience any resultant force as you do in Earth so you could accurately calculate acceleration. However, we can only experience a vacuum in space. In earth, to decrease resultant forces, we can carry out this experiment in: Under water High altitude Air tight conditions
Monday, August 19, 2019
Margret Rey :: Essays Papers
Margret Rey Margret Elizabeth Rey was born May 16, 1906 in Hamburg, Germany. Her father, Felix Waldstein, was a well-known member of the German parliament and Margret was use to a lot of activities in the large house that was home to five children, four servants, and a dog, as well as her father's political colleagues, who were frequent visitors. Margret Rey received formal art training at the Bauhaus in 1927. She studied at the Dusseldorf Academy of Art from 1928 to 1929 at which time she held one-woman art shows of her watercolors in Berlin in the early thirties. After working as a professional photographer in Berlin and London, Margret went to Rio de Janiero in 1935. There she became reacquainted with H. A. Rey, whom she had first known in Hamburg when he was dating her older sister. The two worked together to create a very small advertising agency. They were married in Rio de Janiero in 1935, and took their honeymoon in Europe in 1936. Hans sold bathtubs up and down the Amazon River to make extra money for the couple to live on while trying to get their work published in Europe. They then stayed in Paris for four years. In 1939, their lives in Paris were cut short by the Nazi invasion. It was at this time that they had already begun their work on the manuscript of Curious George. They had to pack what they could and flee Paris. Taking the Curious George manuscript with them, the Reys fled on bicycles and eventually completed the book in the south of France. They arrived in New York in October of 1940, and Houghton Mifflin published Curiou s George in 1941. Margret Rey :: Essays Papers Margret Rey Margret Elizabeth Rey was born May 16, 1906 in Hamburg, Germany. Her father, Felix Waldstein, was a well-known member of the German parliament and Margret was use to a lot of activities in the large house that was home to five children, four servants, and a dog, as well as her father's political colleagues, who were frequent visitors. Margret Rey received formal art training at the Bauhaus in 1927. She studied at the Dusseldorf Academy of Art from 1928 to 1929 at which time she held one-woman art shows of her watercolors in Berlin in the early thirties. After working as a professional photographer in Berlin and London, Margret went to Rio de Janiero in 1935. There she became reacquainted with H. A. Rey, whom she had first known in Hamburg when he was dating her older sister. The two worked together to create a very small advertising agency. They were married in Rio de Janiero in 1935, and took their honeymoon in Europe in 1936. Hans sold bathtubs up and down the Amazon River to make extra money for the couple to live on while trying to get their work published in Europe. They then stayed in Paris for four years. In 1939, their lives in Paris were cut short by the Nazi invasion. It was at this time that they had already begun their work on the manuscript of Curious George. They had to pack what they could and flee Paris. Taking the Curious George manuscript with them, the Reys fled on bicycles and eventually completed the book in the south of France. They arrived in New York in October of 1940, and Houghton Mifflin published Curiou s George in 1941.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
The Theme of Childhood in Oliver Twist Essay -- English Literature
How Does Dickens present the theme of childhood in Oliver Twist. This essay shows the theme of childhood in Charles Dickens in the book Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist's story begins with his birth in a workhouse. His mother dies shortly after giving birth to him, though long enough to kiss him on the forehead. As an illegitimate workhouse orphan Oliver seems doomed to a life of misery. Though deprived of education, affection and adequate food, Oliver still manages to triumph from rags to riches, when he finally finds happiness with his Aunt Rose Maylie and his guide Mr Brownlow. Oliver Twist is born into poverty as an orphan with no known family or inheritance. He is forced to be the property of the workhouse. He spends several years there where he is overworked, and suffers from exhaustion and malnutrition. Even though he is exposed to these injustices, he feels safe there, this being the only home he's ever known. Throughout the book Oliver has support from lots of different people, for example Fagin, Nancy, Mr Brownlow, and The Maylies. However Fagin’s friendship was used for Fagin’s personal gain. Oliver was exploited just as many children in Victorian Britain were. Charles Dickens was a social commentator of a period when social class was important and where lower classes were stereotyped as being evil untrustworthy crooks, and were to be avoided. Another example is the blatant anti-Semitism in the book. Fagin is constantly referred to as 'The Jew'. in Victorian times Jewish people were seen as immigrants, and people treated them with much the same discourtesy. Though in Dickensian Times racism was not a recognized form of prejudice so these comments would have been acceptable. Today it is strongly .. ...pectable old gentleman, who is later known to be Mr Brownlow. Another memorable occasion was when Sikes used Oliver's stealth and vulnerability. In one of his schemes to overturn a house; this is later discovered to be that of The Maylies. In both cases there are positive outcomes to the crimes, and they both coincidently bring about characters like Mr Brownlow, and The Maylies, who help to secure Twist's future. After carefully studying the novel Oliver Twist, I conclude Dickens tried to socially change the way children were portrayed in Britain. He acknowledged the problem and made it his duty to make a change. His efforts worked and in our times modern day care-homes replace the orphanages of Dickensian Britain. Due to Dickens writing, the workhouses were abolished. Therefore I think Dickens did very well on awakening the society to these conditions.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
It’s the Economy, Student! (Reaction Paper)
It’s the Economy, Student! As the saying goes, â€Å"No one touches a dirty pot without getting his/her hand dirty. †This reminds me of this topic. Based on my own view about the article written by the former president and now the representative of Pampanga, Congresswoman Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, she had done many good things in our country such as: Our climate changes each decade because everyday people neglected to do their duties in order to save our dying environment. We, as perfect creation of our God Almighty, promised to take care of His creatures but we fail doing it.We must do everything that we can to protect, flourished our nature or environment and its creation, but because of our personal interest and greediness, we explore in several ways on how to make money without thinking the damage that it would do to our world. Moreover, even if we knew that the damage has been done, thus affecting the balance of nature, still we continue doing ways that would destr oy our environment just to amaze more power and wealth. Congresswoman Gloria M.Arroyo, in her given information, said that she was too concerned during her time in promoting how to save our dying environment and she even mentioned this in her talked to Asia Pacific Economic Council (APEC) convention. It is very ironic, while she’s demonstrating her concern to our environment, several mining businesses were allowed to operate during her time such as the ones being mentioned in the news that there was this kind of mining, such as selling the entire mountain in Surigao Del Norte and shipping it to other countries such as China and other neighboring countries.I am just astonished on how perfect she played her game, playing around the circle. Now tell me who’s talking? The mountain that cannot be replaced anymore. And who will be to blame? The calamities, one after another, that we are experiencing this days, are the products of the great master plan of the once greedy pers on. Yes she signed a large laws to codify the environment such as clean water, bio fuel†¦etc. nd yet what was the result of our natural gas, â€Å"THE MALAPAYA DEEP WATER GAS PROJECT IN PALAWAN†still we are spending dollars importing gases †¦tell me who’s talking†¦ She said that she created a program that could fight for the continuously increasing unemployed citizens in the country, jobless citizens, so we can over calm poverty, she managed to compare her program to the program of former president Estrada, who’s presidency lasted only for 2 yrs†¦definitely her program runs through many years, but does it give credit?Tell me who’s talking†¦. Talking about the education †¦ let me say, as I recall it right, she managed to get mad at Department of Education Assistant Secretary Tonisito Umali, when the latter said to her on national television that the schools in our country need classrooms, teachers, etc. because they can no lo nger accommodate 70 to 100 students per class. Even Amorsolo can’t paint her aura, the news anchor that time fed in the advertisement at once so the viewer will not notice that scene.The report stated that, â€Å"For Filipinos, family is everything and the future of our children is sacred. That is why I invested so much time and effort in rejuvenating our education system. I met with teachers and other educators to get a first-hand look at the improvements that we need to make. I listened to what these fine public servants had to say, and in response to their advice, I increased the country’s total budget for education by nearly four times: from Ps 6. 6 Billion in 2000 to Ps 24. 3 Billion in 2010 when I stepped down.Those funds went into the following critical areas of educational spending: Now thinking how she foreseen those problems ,and eventually the solution to those problems, if she manage to done it right definitely our present president will able to continue h er act for the betterment of our country, that is if only she done it right.. †â€Å"As my father, the late President Diosdado Macapagal, used to say that the Presidency of the Philippines is a tough and killing job that demands a sense of sacrifice.At the end of the day, it comes down to plain hard work. A president must work harder than everyone else. And no matter what he thinks he was elected to do  even if that includes running after alleged offenders in the past  he must not neglect the bread and butter issues that preoccupy most of our people most of the time: keeping prices down, creating more jobs, providing basic services, securing the peace, pursuing the high economic growth that is the only way to vault our country into the ranks of developed economies. I must say that if you were given a chance to serve your people, be sure to do your best even if your best is not enough to the people, but in the eyes of God you are serving Him your very best. No turning back, no one will be blamed. -Rosebelle Harlan
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