Analysis of the Elements of the Intelligence Cycle Essay

Minor Assignment †¢ Analyse the elements of the ‘Intelligence Cycle’. What are its core strengths and weaknesses? Before I begin to analyse the elements of the Intelligence Cycle, I must begin with the definition of ‘Intelligence’. Throughout my research, it became apparent that the acceptance for an accurate definition of ‘Intelligence’ is still an issue to date. One reason could be because experts tend to view ‘intelligence’ through their own specialty, and would be fair to say that this could possibly be because officers within the intelligence community do not have strong bridges connecting them to each other or to policy makers, which would therefore enhance communication and sharing practices of raw findings and improve†¦show more content†¦The phases of the intelligence process include identifying the requirement or direction, collecting information through its various disciplines, processing and exploitation, analysis and production, dissemination and feedback. Throughout my findings more weaknesses and flaws of the intelligence cycle elements were much more apparent than strengths. In theory, the cycle indicates that the elements flow in a cyclical order, but this is indeed inaccurate, as the cycle does not always flow in one direction or in a cycle as it indicates it does. For example, it can move back and forth between collection and analysis before moving on for the processing and exploitation stage where the most resources and time is used. It is also possible that information collected could end up going back to the requirement stage for policy makers to present a new direction requirement and or more information. The intelligence cycle is, nevertheless, of significant value to intelligence and learning about it in theory assists those entering the intelligence business, because it provides insight into the processes, as well as being able to recognise it’s weaknesses in order to focus on building on strengths for the future of effective and efficient intelligence.Show MoreRelatedThe Intelligence Cycle Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Intelligence Cycle is an [effective], but outdated model. Essentially, it attempts to visualise intelligence as a process, and not merely a product. As such, by attempting a simple outline of a complex procedure, the cycle will be prone to misrepresenting dynamic changes; operational realities and either over, or under value particular parts of the process. However, it’s core strengths lie in it’s simplicity: shifting through the alphabet soup that is the Intelligence Community andRead MoreWeaknesses Of The Intelligence Cycle935 Words   |  4 PagesThus, intelligence cycle process as an integral part of the Intelligence System has intrinsic weaknesses within the â€Å"process† itself due to the interplay of different pathologies within the system. It may emanate in every phase of the process from Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing, Analysis and Production, and Dissemination. Julian Richards in his book â€Å"The art and science of intellige nce analysis† discussed the problems associated with intelligence cycle. The sources of failures inRead MoreThe Future Of Erp Business Applications1675 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy, Infor, and Epicor are driving leadership in this space. Outside of many born-in-the-cloud deployments, these systems have proven to be extremely expensive, but they also take along time to implement. Because of these lengthy implementation cycles, enterprises are forced into a no-win choice: build for today and get it done quicker or guess where your organization will be in 3-5 years and build towards it. While many of these systems have been designed to be used by internal employees to increaseRead MoreThe Vision Of The Department Of Homeland Security1611 Words   |  7 Pagesoften described as being decentralized. Perhaps the biggest reason for this decentralization is the need of these individual agencies to desire a sense of autonomy which in turn leads to tension amongst the various components as well as headquarter elements. Only by implementing a stable, sustained sense of leadership within DHS, can there be any chance of creating positive lasting change across the various agencies. Furthermore, this sustained leadership will ai de by helping to foster a culture inRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Is The Gathering And Analysis Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Intelligence Business Intelligence is the gathering and analysis of large amounts of information so as to gain insights that propagate strategic and tactical business decisions. Business Intelligence is the conglomeration of the processes and technologies which change data into information. It encompasses a wide category of technologies, including data warehousing, multidimensional analysis or online analytical processing, data mining and visualization, as well as basic queries and multipleRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Is The Gathering And Analysis1229 Words   |  5 Pages Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is the gathering and analysis of large amounts of information so as to gain insights that propagate strategic and tactical business decisions. Business Intelligence is the conglomeration of the processes and technologies which change data into information. It encompasses a wide category of technologies, including data warehousing, multidimensional analysis or online analytical processing, data mining and visualizationRead MoreThe Army As A Staff Sergeant906 Words   |  4 PagesOperations in Iraq by creating Annex B to the CJSOTF-I Umbrella Concept, conducted liaison activities with CENTCOM Counterintelligence units in order to establish proper Counterintelligence Investigation and Intelligence reporting structure, advised Coalition Partners on Identity Intelligence Operations, as well as providing Counterintelligence Force Protection updates. In addition, I established the Tactical Counterintelligence Operations Portal, which allows all Counterintelligence Age nts the abilityRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Is The Gathering And Analysis Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Intelligence Business Intelligence is the gathering and analysis of large amounts of information so as to gain insights that propagate strategic and tactical business decisions. Business Intelligence is the mix of the processes and technologies which change data into information. It includes a wide category of technologies, including data warehousing, multidimensional analysis or online analytical processing, data mining and visualization, as well as basic queries and multiple types ofRead MoreThe Director Of National Intelligence1056 Words   |  5 PagesDirector of National Intelligence(DNI) was created to replace the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) in 2004? Which legislation created the DNI? The creation of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) was the result 9/11 and the recommendations of the WMD and the 9/11 Commissions. Its primary drivers were Congressional concerns that the intelligence community was stuck in a cold war paradigm, lack the collaboration needed for a new threats, and perceived failures of intelligence leadership. UnsatisfiedRead MoreDefinition Of Business Intelligence ( Bi ) Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages Definition of Business Intelligence (BI) A strategic BI starts with elements of Business Intelligence. BI strategy includes the competitive advantages in the planning process. It begins with a comprehensive view from both technical and business standpoint. What to look for - Fully adopted BI tools that support both short term and long term goals of the company. The Short term strategy must be framed so as to underpin the long term ones. The assessment Session- Recognizing the values of the company

A Doll s House Dolls - 2775 Words

A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize that the slight lack of power women seem to have nowadays has lessened with time, in all areas. Even though many may argue that men have an abuse of power in modern times, women have far more rights in government and society’s standings than they once had . A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen sheds light on the typical role of women in 1870’s Norway, showing how women were treated then: almost as objects with no real important place in society. This gives modern readers a clear view of how many more opportunities t hat women have nowadays. This essay will combat the derogatory view of women that many people may still have yet how it has lessened and changed . It will examine the role of men in the time period of the play as well. This essay will look into Ibsen’s life and motives for writing, because not only did he choose to give light to feminism, but he alluded to looking down on the role of men. It will explore what themes in the play that relate to Ibsen’s personal life. This essayShow MoreRelatedA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize thatRead MoreA Doll s House Review Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll’s House Review A Doll’s House was published in Norway in 1879 by Henrik Isben. He is known as the father of Modern Theatre. He is also referred as the father of realism. The play is very interesting because of the funny dialogue, the unique characters, and Ibsen s view of the place of ladies in the public eye. The main characters of the play is Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald Helmer. Imagine what it would be like to live in a doll s home? It s a house in which you are controlledRead MoreThe End Of A Doll s House982 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of A Doll s House, Isben surprises the audience. When Torvald learns that Krogstad is no longer threatening him, he offers to forgive Nora. Most people in the audience would expect the ending to be happy and for the family to live its life as it did before. Shockingly, Nora tells Torvald that she plans on leaving him and their children. She realizes that her life has not been happy and that Torvald does not really love her. Nora has many motiv ations for leaving Torvald. She feels thatRead MoreA Doll s House, And Tom946 Words   |  4 PagesNora, in A Doll’s House, and Tom, in The Glass Menagerie, are similar protagonists yet have very different characteristics. Both of them left their family that destroyed the family in some way in turn acting very selfishly, yet Tom has done worse in his circumstances because Amanda and Laura were dependant on him. Nora was a doll wife. She was coddled by her husband Torvald and realised she was really a doll at the end. She showed signs of really wanting to rebel by doing small acts of eating macaroonsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House 870 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Three: A doll’s house The story centrally focus on what goes on in a marriage between Torvald Helmer, the husband and his wife Nora, in the Victorian Era Torvald. Helmer is a hard working husband, a lawyer, who treats his wife more like a child than a woman. His always calling her silly names like â€Å"little squirrel† and â€Å"little lark twittering†, but she seems to not mind it at all. Nora is a happy wife, or at least that’s what it seems like until her little secret is revealed. There’s a quoteRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House Essay2459 Words   |  10 Pagesmotives to destroy his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail’s desire to acquire John is shown in her manipulation of the court and this leads to many unfair deaths by hanging and various names left tarnished all because of Abigail’s lust for one man. In ‘A doll’s house’ female deceit is presented within the character of Nora her deceit radiates throughout the play and is recognised from the very beginning as she and her husband, Torvald, are quarrelling about who eat a portion of macaroons. The fact the audienceRead MoreA Doll S House 13753 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿A Doll’s House Themes Marriage Women and Femininity Men and Masculinity The Home Respect and Reputation Love Lies and Deceit Money    Love and Marriage As a play focused around the marriage between  Nora  and  Torvald,  A Doll s House  can be seen as an exploration of love and marriage, or even, more profoundly, on whether there can be love in marriage. At the beginning of the play, Nora and Torvald appear to be very happily married, even to themselves. Nora talks joyfully about her love for TorvaldRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Feminist Criticism A Doll s House1372 Words   |   6 PagesBarros 1 Diane Barros English 102 A1W November 11,2014 A Feminist Criticism A Doll House A Doll’s House, written by Henrik Ibsen examines the controversial point of persuasion of love and marriage that emphasis marital vows and women’s roles, during the nineteenth century. Where feminism lurks throughout the entire play. Through this play, I shall show you what I perceived what the writer Ibsen presumption of the equivalence among men and woman, and the idea of feminism. Where Women haveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1379 Words   |  6 Pages Ibsen s play A Doll s House centers on a stereotypical and comfortable family in the nineteenth century which, outwardly, has the appearance of respectability to which any audience can relate. There are many indicators that reveal that this family upholds a false image, such as the symbolic title â€Å"A Doll s House. Nora is introduced as a little Spendthrift (p 6), which foreshadows future tension in her relationship. Torvald believes she is spending money frivolously, but she has A Doll s House Dolls - 2775 Words A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize that the slight lack of power women seem to have nowadays has lessened with time, in all areas. Even though many may argue that men have an abuse of power in modern times, women have far more rights in government and society’s standings than they once had . A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen sheds light on the typical role of women in 1870’s Norway, showing how women were treated then: almost as objects with no real important place in society. This gives modern readers a clear view of how many more opportunities t hat women have nowadays. This essay will combat the derogatory view of women that many people may still have yet how it has lessened and changed . It will examine the role of men in the time period of the play as well. This essay will look into Ibsen’s life and motives for writing, because not only did he choose to give light to feminism, but he alluded to looking down on the role of men. It will explore what themes in the play that relate to Ibsen’s personal life. This essayShow MoreRelatedA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realizeRead MoreA Doll s House Review Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll’s House Review A Doll’s House was published in Norway in 1879 by Henrik Isben. He is known as the father of Modern Theatre. He is also referred as the father of realism. The play is very interesting because of the funny dialogue, the unique characters, and Ibsen s view of the place of ladies in the public eye. The main characters of the play is Nora Helmer and her husband Torvald Helmer. Imagine what it would be like to live in a doll s home? It s a house in which you are controlledRead MoreThe End Of A Doll s House982 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of A Doll s House, Isben surprises the audience. When Torvald learns that Krogstad is no longer threatening him, he offers to forgive Nora. Most people in the audience would expect the ending to be happy and for the family to live its life as it did before. Shockingly, Nora tells Torvald that she plans on leaving him and their children. She realizes that her life has not been happy and that Torvald does not really love her. Nora has many motiv ations for leaving Torvald. She feels thatRead MoreA Doll s House, And Tom946 Words   |  4 PagesNora, in A Doll’s House, and Tom, in The Glass Menagerie, are similar protagonists yet have very different characteristics. Both of them left their family that destroyed the family in some way in turn acting very selfishly, yet Tom has done worse in his circumstances because Amanda and Laura were dependant on him. Nora was a doll wife. She was coddled by her husband Torvald and realised she was really a doll at the end. She showed signs of really wanting to rebel by doing small acts of eating macaroonsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House 870 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Three: A doll’s house The story centrally focus on what goes on in a marriage between Torvald Helmer, the husband and his wife Nora, in the Victorian Era Torvald. Helmer is a hard working husband, a lawyer, who treats his wife more like a child than a woman. His always calling her silly names like â€Å"little squirrel† and â€Å"little lark twittering†, but she seems to not mind it at all. Nora is a happy wife, or at least that’s what it seems like until her little secret is revealed. There’s a quoteRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House Essay2459 Words   |  10 Pagesmotives to destroy his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail’s desire to acquire John is shown in her manipulation of the court and this leads to many unfair deaths by hanging and various names left tarnished all because of Abigail’s lust for one man. In ‘A doll’s house’ female deceit is presented within the character of Nora her deceit radiates throughout the play and is recognised from the very beginning as she and her husband, Torvald, are quarrelling about who eat a portion of macaroons. The fact the audienceRead MoreA Doll S House 13753 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿A Doll’s House Themes Marriage Women and Femininity Men and Masculinity The Home Respect and Reputation Love Lies and Deceit Money    Love and Marriage As a play focused around the marriage between  Nora  and  Torvald,  A Doll s House  can be seen as an exploration of love and marriage, or even, more profoundly, on whether there can be love in marriage. At the beginning of the play, Nora and Torvald appear to be very happily married, even to themselves. Nora talks joyfully about her love for TorvaldRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Feminist Criticism A Doll s House1372 Words   |   6 PagesBarros 1 Diane Barros English 102 A1W November 11,2014 A Feminist Criticism A Doll House A Doll’s House, written by Henrik Ibsen examines the controversial point of persuasion of love and marriage that emphasis marital vows and women’s roles, during the nineteenth century. Where feminism lurks throughout the entire play. Through this play, I shall show you what I perceived what the writer Ibsen presumption of the equivalence among men and woman, and the idea of feminism. Where Women haveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1379 Words   |  6 Pages Ibsen s play A Doll s House centers on a stereotypical and comfortable family in the nineteenth century which, outwardly, has the appearance of respectability to which any audience can relate. There are many indicators that reveal that this family upholds a false image, such as the symbolic title â€Å"A Doll s House. Nora is introduced as a little Spendthrift (p 6), which foreshadows future tension in her relationship. Torvald believes she is spending money frivolously, but she has

Proposal For Product Innovation

Question: Describe about for Proposal For Product Innovation? Answer: Introduction: According to Stania, (2013) implementation of innovation in existing products not only improves its quality but also provides organization with new business opportunities. However, innovation can be implemented at two stages. Generally the organizations bring innovation in their existing products continuously in order to enhance efficiency of these products. However such innovations are cost effective to the organizations as bringing gradual changes in a product has less negative impacts on the number of sales (Ford and Paladino, 2013). On other hand, Lee et al. (2013) opines that bringing disruptive can lead to significant financial losses for an organization. According to Jackson (2013) chances of product failure is high in case of disruptive innovations. However, often the companies launch new products to attain competitive advantages in market. The current proposal deals with designing Driverless cars. Although Google already designed a prototype of automated cars, driverless veh icles are not commercially available in market. Apart from this, driverless vehicles are completely new product in automobile industry and these cars can be considered as example of disruptive innovation. Description: Driverless cars will not require any human input for navigating. The car will contain different applications of network technology such as radar, GPS and computer vision. In the proposed cars sensors will be used for identifying the obstacles. However the sensors will also be used to identify the track for reaching destination. The car will use GPS technology to create a map for its surrounding areas (Anderson et al., 2015). However, the map will be updated regularly. Driverless vehicles can benefit its users in various ways. It can reduce the chances of accidents and traffic congestion. Use of driverless cars can reduce the chances of car theft also. Justification of Innovation: As this car will sense obstacles on its way, the chances of accidents will reduce significantly (Miller, 2014). On other hand, if any obstacle comes suddenly in front of the car, reaction time will be lower than that required by human driver. Thus the chances of accidents will reduce. Sensors in autonomous cars will direct to maintain minimum safety distance from other cars. It indicates that increase in the number of fully autonomous cars will reduce traffic congestion. As the maximum speed will be limited in driverless cars, number of accidents due to reckless driving will reduce. Apart from all these benefits, parking efficiency of cars will increase. It will provide better riding experiences to the passengers. However, functioning of autonomous cars depend on the quality of software used in design. As it uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth networks, incidents related with privacy loss can increase. Technology requirement: Driverless cars will use sensors for getting information regarding the environment surrounding it. The cars will contain GPS technology to get information about its destination. However, the prototype car of Google used laser technology for mapping the environment (Miller, 2014). In the proposed car, laser technology can also be used for creating map. As the car will not use any human input, different applications of communication technology will be used in the design so that it can interact with other cars on road. In the proposed car, short range communication technologies such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi will be used. Target market: It is expected that the driverless cars will be used extensively by transportation service providers (Lee et al.2013)). However these cars can also be used for transportation of products. Use of automated cars can be effective for testing the condition of a road. However use of driverless cars is expected to be high among visually impaired and aged persons as it does not require any input from passengers. Competitive advantages: As the need of fully autonomous cars is increasing, organizations in automobile industry are focusing more on the research and development of driverless cars. Most of these companies are expected to launch driverless cars in market by within a few years (Miller, 2014).as the demand of this car is high; launching such products earlier than other organizations can be advantageous for an organization. However, the organizations can also focus on keeping the prices low for attaining competitive advantage. Viability of products: Design of the driverless cars is based on the use if different technologies such as GPS, laser, Bluetooth, WI-Fi etc. However, the applications of these technologies are easily available in market. It indicates that manufacturing of driverless cars will be cost effective. On other hand, it is expected that autonomous vehicles will account for almost 75% in 2040 (Ieee.org, 2015). It indicates that the number of sale and revenue will be high. Conclusion: Although the analysis indicates that manufacturing of automated cars will be profitable, more research is required on its design to enhance the efficiency. It is also important that the proposed car will be user friendly. The design requires to be modified to keep the manufacturing cost lower. References: Ford, D. and Paladino, A. (2013). Enabling Innovation through Strategic Synergies. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(6), pp.1058-1072. Ieee.org, (2015). IEEE News Releases. [online] Available at: https://www.ieee.org/about/news/2012/5september_2_2012.html [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Jackson, P. (2013). Integrated synoptic surveys using an autonomous underwater vehicle and manned boats. [Reston, Va.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Lee, S., Yoon, K. and Lee, J. (2013). Frontiers of intelligent autonomous systems. Berlin: Springer. Anderson, J., Kalra, N., Stanley, K., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C. and Oluwatola, O. (2015). Autonomous Vehicle Technology. [online] Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR443-1/RAND_RR443-1.pdf [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Miller, J. (2014). Google's driverless cars designed to exceed speed limit. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28851996 [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Stania, M. (2013). Mechatronics Systems of Autonomous Transport Vehicle. SSP, 198, pp.96-101.

The role of diversity in the use of technology by educational organizations

The predominantly used machine in the educational sector is the computer. Various institutions make use of the computer in diversified ways ranging from learning to the administrative functionalities. In relation to learning, computers are variedly used in various levels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of diversity in the use of technology by educational organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The highest levels taught to the students include; the basic introduction to computer lessons, computer packages and practice. At this state, students are introduced to the initial stages of appreciating technology through the use of computers. Computer technology vastly cuts across the concept of e-learning as well as research through the use of internet. The most significant element of technological application in educational organizations is evident in the IT and computer era. Technological diversities p lay a vital role in the wider education sector by enhancing diverse forms of communication. Technological diversity is important based on the factors such as societal changes. Most international schools are placed in the globe as the highly respected institutions. In the recent past, notable social developments have been realized in the field of technology (Harris Nelson 2008, p. 178). Capturing on the global approach, the renowned educational sectors that use technology comprise of; the elementary schools, high schools, tertiary colleges, universities, agricultural research institutions, scientific research institutions as well as polytechnics. Based on the different approaches to the modern technological advances, educational organizations offer diversified approach in implementing such applications. Through advancement in technology, students as well as educators have in the resent past incorporated distance learning. This ideology focuses mainly in preparing professional teache rs in their area of profession. Although distance learning initiative started sometime back, the incorporation of computer technology has massively brought new substantial changes in education. The basic technological diversity under the concept of distant learning covers vast application on the web, instant messaging and emailing. Web related courses permit for interactivity, synchronous as well as asynchronous formats in the learning space. In the 20th century, technologically rich atmosphere has largely affected distant learning in diversity (Hodson Sullivan 2008, p. 202).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through distance learning, farmers have enjoyed access to professional courses based on various technological diversities incorporated. As a result of this incorporation, the educational sector has been able to expand its geographical area of operation. In addition, technological diversities have resulted into major claims about universal correspondence in educational organizations. In the event of diversity under the field of education, it is evident that scholarship opportunities have largely taken over the learning system due to globalization. In relation to scholarship, technological diversities have led to the favor of individual applications. Various considerations concerning overseas studies affect the mode of interaction. Most educational institutions have employed the use of online websites through which they can be accessed throughout the world. In the long return, globalization has founded its expansion in the technological diversities. As a result of globalization in the education sector, most countries have been enabled to access proper education while at their home countries (Eisenberg, Goodall Trethewey 2007, p. 150). The most predominant aspect of technological expanse in the educational sector captures the availability of information. In the current state of events, most individuals have been able to pursue professional careers they could not have chances to attend. International educational organizations have vastly incorporated the modern technological advances in airing out advertisements (Modaff DeWine 2002, p. 78). Based on the technological diversities, multicultural and Global education has brought about shared origins. Since 1960’s, the global education syllabus has radically evolved to cover the young people. It is therefore through these diversities that interconnection of the various parts of the world is met. Major global problems captaining genocides, world wars and uncontrolled growth in human population dominated before introduction of technology in education (Garguilo 2005, p. 102). In response to the introduction of technological diversities in education, a lot has been done to eliminate the massive global problems. Another issue that captains more about the importance of diversity is based on the introduction of multicultural education. In the recent past, multicultural education has led to the global realization of the varied diversities. Eventually, it has been realized how important it is for multicultural understanding amongst people of different origins.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of diversity in the use of technology by educational organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technological diversities in education have therefore resulted into elimination of racial discriminations. Through the current technological diversities, multicultural approach has been diverted from violence and ethical discrimination to institutionalized approach (Keyton Shockley-Zalabak 2009, p. 98). In return, there have elapsed four congruent themes anticipated from cultural pluralism. Technological diversity has also favored educational equity as a factor of social justice. Multicultural education th rough technological advances has led to the recognition of quality periphery based on diversity. Another factor that has massively been brought in as a result of educational diversities captures on the introduction of new web courses. The focus based on the technological diversity has in the recent past led to the introduction of web courses. The learning was basically rooted on the training of both multicultural and global teachers. Capitalizing on the initial stages, varied software has been used to capture the basic participatory goals (Gillis 2006, 130). Through continued rise in the technological levels, it has been crystal clear that various programs are incorporated into the system so as to boost education standards. The other technology identified is the development and utilization of green schools. Various schools have incorporated this practice in the country. Some schools built the green schools from the initial construction while others retrofitted them in the already es tablished classrooms. The green schools are useful since they are often completely flooded with water as well as the outshined by ordinary wood (Shockley-Zalabak 2009, p. 96) The classes are outfitted with individualized atmosphere to provide light and control temperature imbalances in the classrooms. The rich sceneries around the schools are designed to provide shadow and refurbish air and water from the atmosphere (Putnam Krone 2006, p. 210). The usefulness of green schools varies although the cost of establishing them is lower than that of ordinary. Green schools provide massive benefits for the surroundings since most financial costs are minimized. Expenditure on energy, materials, land usage, transportation and water wastage are reduced at a higher degree (Richmond, McCroskey McCroskey 2009, p. 122). In various American schools energy as well as water uses have been reduced by almost half due to the utilization of green formulas. The role of diverse technological application of green schools by reducing carbon pollutants helps at a higher degree increase the students’ productivity. Some schools use technology reducing energy utilization while other schools focus on establishing environmentally fit buildings (Fisher-Yoshida Geller 2009, p.208). They are able to learn about the disadvantages of carbon pollution and thus reduce on using fuel sources containing carbon.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally they are able to learn about health benefits of using carbon free fuels while they become healthier (Jablin Putnum 2001, p. 86). The students also learn more about science and innovation while it reduces on student absence from school due to health complications like asthma. The well ventilated classrooms helps improve their cleanliness, there is reduces noise from power generators thus promoting their education outcome in the country. In the hot countries the use of green technology helps manage over heating effects by using shades or awnings that enhance lighting and ability to see clearly. Moreover in congested countries like the New York City the teachers are also able to teach without vocal strains (Nahavandi 2009, p. 190). This is because the rooms are quiet as compared to the noisy classrooms before the technological application. The buildings in dry green schools should be maintained always throughout their lifetime in order to ensure comfortable, quiet, clean a nd quality indoor air circulation thus suitable for students, managers and teachers. Laboratory experiments are possible in the green schools with more ease since the windows are easily controlled to eliminate overheating and sheen without huge energy costs both in the day and night. In other countries the technology are used to enhance open-air learning as well recreational activities since the green facilities provide a platform for three dimensional playing fields (Robbins, Millett Waters-Marsh 2003, p. 305). The green schools in Illinois were noted to provide peaceful park walk as compared to the unsettled walk in a city center setting. In general the green schools enhance the community safety since all staff and students walk to school. Additionally, daily walking enhances physical fitness for all the stakeholders. In general, the diversity in technological use helps the involved communities to acquire formal environmental education necessary for innovations in agriculture. Th e ‘green’ labs also become the beginning of a global economy that relies on green house farming since it is reliable (Bergquist 1993, p. 102). Environmentally active educational organizations shall help produce diverse career orientations. They include; inventors, green house installers, environmental educators as well as enthusiastic learners. As a result the whole universe cycle shall be won with an economically as well as environmentally sober generation. Through the use of video recording as well as national telecasting, educational organizations in Finland have been able to raise the education standards for all its students. The student’s results are broadcasted in the national television through an education everywhere video series (Woods Shlapentokh 2009, p. 152). In conjunction with the person foundation the students are evaluated by merit of subjects then each of them is expected to work towards a certain target. This enhances positive competition and c onsequently a productive performance. The performance also becomes nationally flexible for adjustments in all subjects. Thus the education everywhere video series enhances successful reformers in Finnish education system. Use of decrepit sports field and the utilization of portable classrooms as the new technology in San Lorenzo California KIPP high school have been instrumental to raise the education standards. The education organization employs the use of portable classes for the sake of learning. The observation made is that the students love the classes more as compared to their counterparts using the same technology in San Francisco (Chaney Barnett 2005, p. 110). Both students and teachers utilize the facilities to learn and practice critical thinking skills. All the students regardless of their backgrounds are expected to participate in meaningful thought-provoking questions. These questions may be drawn from various fields in the study environment and politics in order to ex pose students to productive discussions. At the end of the day the students are able to analyze, understand, evaluate and provide a solution based perspective. The result to the education organization is that the students dare attending colleges and universities after completing their high school program (Stratchen, French Burgess 2012, p. 90). Critical thinking enabled the students to develop unusual focus such that the graduates produced were successful first class citizens. Knowledge yields power thus the portable classes used for critical thinking was allowed to cover almost half of the school buildings. The use of internet in most institution of learning is done to ensure that students access massive information to handle their assignments. However in K-12 education school the internet is used to help students familiarize with the use of social media in a more proficient manner. The learning on netiquette is a major additional use for the internet initiated by the teachers (Ba rtol, Tein, Matthews Martin 2005, p. 187). The observation made amongst various students from diverse backgrounds showed that most of them express rudeness when surfing into the social media. The diversity experienced on how people utilize the social media showed that some students bullied their blog friends while others left nasty comments regardless of the recipient opinions (Lafasto Larson 2001, p.120). The use of evidence – based formulas as well as tip lists is a technology used in a diverse manner in Edutopia schools. The educators in these schools develop programs intended to improve the way students learn. Additionally they use the technology to change the performance of the students and thus their future. Through the videos the managers and educators share their resources and class assessments in order to evaluate the extent of work expected of them (Terrell Lindsey 2008, p. 126) The student’s performance is frequently checked and data communicated to simil ar schools country wide therefore enhancing success. On the other hand other schools use such technology to just chat and communicate casually. Conversely, such technology can be used to connect and make improvements for success in schools. The use of e-learning in most institutions is used to develop the students’ ability to use internet to access knowledge (Adair 2009, p. 120). The mixture of information found in the internet is used as reference texts to study for particular fields. Other students can use E-learning to acquire notes by lecturers abroad. The lecturer sends the notes to the students while the students’ sends back the completed work through the same media. Some other students also use E-learning to do exams. The students are allowed freedom to use notes acquired from the internet in the past. However the same internet is used to monitor the student during the exam duration (Rogers 1995, p. 172). The internet therefore can be used for diverse purposes a t diverse times. Additionally different groups of people can diversely use E-learning to do exams, expand commercial gains, make academic trade as well as carry out unmonitored research. Various universities have used internet based blogs and connections to make interactions with other universities. Some other universities in Australia have various roles they play in relating to their satellite campuses (Zaremba 2006, p. 185). Some utilize these relations and blogs for profit to export academic programs while others maximize on them to attain a national standard. The standard is achieved by measuring their achievement against fellow national and international universities. Information and communication technologies used in the Higher education systems around the globe are used to improve teaching as well as learning programs. These new technologies incorporate globalization tendencies that affect study environments in universities (Conrad Poole 2005. P. 210). The new technologies p lay a role in impacting the global economy, general institution’s management, as well as influencing the student’s study environment. The students study environment is influenced by academic participations, research procedures as well as improvements for future plans. On the other hand the digital technologies influence government policies and as a result establish virtual universities. Educational work and web researchers have in a great extend been used by various academic organizations to study. Global economy is commonly evaluated by vast economic analysts based in research firms and proved to be appropriate. On the other hand the agricultural research centers utilize communication and ideological research technologies (May 2006, p. 154). The animal and crop husbandry is carried out using advanced technological equipments to extract specimen, grades and periodic analysis. However numerous technologies used in all the firms and educational organizations mentioned ab ove have a related role of acquiring a higher knowledge and success. List of References Adair, J 2009, Leadership for innovation: How to organize team creativity and harvest ideas, Kogan Page Limited, Philadelphia. Bartol, K, Tein, M, Matthews, G Martin, D 2005, Management: A Pacific Rim focus, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston, MA. Bergquist, W 1993, The postmodern organization. Josse-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Conrad, C Poole, M 2005, Strategic organizational communication in a global economy, Wadsworth, Australia. Chaney, G Barnett, G 2005. International and multicultural organizational communication, Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ. Eisenberg, E, Goodall, J Trethewey, A 2007, Organizational communication: Balancing creativity and constraint, Bedford/St. Martin’s, Boston. Fisher-Yoshida, B Geller, K 2009, Transnational leadership development: Preparing the next generation for the borderless business world, American Management Association, New York. Gillis, T 2006, The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing and leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Garguilo, T 2005, The strategic use of stories in organizational communication and learning. M E Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Harris, T E Nelson, M D 2008, Applied organizational communication: Theory and practice in a global environment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ. Hodson, R Sullivan, T 2008, The social organization of work, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Jablin, F M Putnum, L L 2001, The handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research and methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Keyton, J Shockley-Zalabak, P 2009, Case studies in organizational communication: Understanding communication processes, Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CA. Lafasto, F M Larson, C E 2001, When teams work best. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. May, S 2006, Case studies in organizational communication: Ethical perspectives and practices, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Modaff, D DeWine, S 2002, Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges and misunderstandings, Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CA. Nahavandi, A 2009, The art and science of leadership, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Putnam, L Krone, K 2006, Organizational communication, Sage, London. Richmond, V P, McCroskey, J C McCroskey, L L 2009.Organizational communication for survival: making work, work, Pearson Education Inc., Boston, MA. Robbins, S, Millett, B Waters-Marsh, T 2003.Organisationalbehaviour, Pearson, Australia. Rogers, E M 1995, Diffusion of innovations, Free Press, New York. Terrell, R D Lindsey, R B 2008.Culturally proficient leadership: the personal journey begins within, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA. Shockley-Zalabak, P S 2009. Fundamentals of Organizational communication: knowledge, sensitivity, skills, values, Pearson Education Inc. Boston, MA. Stratchen, G, French, G Burgess, L 2012. Managing diversity in Austr alia: theory and practice, McGraw Hill, Sydney. Western, S 2008, Leadership: A critical text, Sage, London. Woods, J Shlapentokh, V 2009, ‘The feudal model and the study of modern organizations’, International Journal of Organizational Theory and Behavior, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 521-557. Zaremba, A J 2006, Organizational communication: Foundations for business and collaboration. Thomson-South Western, Mason, OH. This essay on The role of diversity in the use of technology by educational organizations was written and submitted by user Karlee O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

JFK WAS HIS ASSASSINATION INEVITABLE Essays -

JFK: WAS HIS ASSASSINATION INEVITABLE? A popular misconception is that President John F. Kennedy's assassination was an isolated event perpetrated by one man. This could not be farther from the truth. Instead, it was the result of a complex combination of domestic and foreign events. When President Kennedy was in office, he had to deal with many issues, ranging from business and finance to crime-fighting and war issues. Perhaps it is not as important to decide who it was that killed him, but why. President Kennedy's decisions and courses of action were not popular with everybody, and thus it is not surprising that his assassination was inevitable. The people who might have wanted John F. Kennedy dead can be classified into the following groups: Russians, Cubans, Mobsters (Organized Crime/Mafia), Special Agents (CIA), G-men (J. Edgar Hoover's FBI), Rednecks and Oilmen (Right-wing Extremists), and the MIC (Military Industrial Complex). Each group had its own motives for killing John F. Kennedy. Many of these groups that wanted JFK dead are very closely intertwined, so in order to understand each group, they will each be analyzed seperately.1 In order to better understand the relationship between JFK, the Cubans and Russians, several important events must be mentioned and discussed. Two of the most important foreign affairs in Kennedy's presidency were the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. 2 3 During Eisenhower's administration, Cuba was torn apart by revolution. The Cuban dictator, Batista, was an extremely corrupt man. While he was enjoying a luxurious life, the people of Cuba were in poverty. Thus it was not surprising when a rebellion, led by a man named Fidel Castro, took place. Batista, knowing that the majority of Cuba wanted him out, chose to flea rather than be caught and face execution. Once Batista was out of the way, Cuba was Castro's for the taking.2 One of the first actions Castro took while in charge of Cuba was to close down all casinos. The people running them were either imprisoned or deported. Exploitation of Cuban workers by American was unacceptable to Castro, and he took immediate action against this. He believed American capitalists were taking advantage of the Cubans. Angered by this aggressive attitude toward American "interests", the United States government established a trade embargo, hoping the Cuban people would overthrow Castro and reinstate a more "American friendly" leader.3 With a starving population on one side, and a broken economy on the other, Castro turned to Russia for help. Since Russia did not own any land or power in the US/Cuban region, Castro offered the Russians a chance to extend their sphere of influence. An opportunity which was not refused. Of course, the American government did not accept this situation readily. A plan to train and arm Cuban exiles who would return to Cuba to overthrow Castro was contrived. This secret operation was viewed as far less dangerous than a direct invasion by American troops.4 As the election of 1960 approached, the CIA had already made plans to overthrow Castro with the Cuban exiles. However, to the surprise of just about everyone, a young John F. Kennedy defeated favorite Richard Nixon by the slimmest of margins.5 Nonetheless, the invasion had to go on. The plan was to bomb Cuba's airfields to prevent the Cuban military from killing the invading exiles. However, two things went wrong in the invasion. First, the CIA underestimated the Cuban army, and second, the 4 airstrips were not all taken out, allowing the Cuban airforce to retaliate. Upon hearing news of this, the CIA told Kennedy that in order to succeed the US must provide air coverage for the exiles. Kennedy refused however, believing it would be foolish to provoke a crisis with the Soviets just in order to aid the exiles. Due to this, the exiles were given no chance and were quickly demolished, and the invasion had failed.6 Now that Castro knew the United States' intentions, he knew he was in immediate danger. Once again, he turned to Russia for aid. Castro realized the only way to assert his safety was to defend himself, and what he did was a very strategic move. He asked Russia to send nuclear missiles to Cuba, saying to the US that any more attempted invasions

Mary Ann Shadd Cary - Abolitionist and Journalist

Mary Ann Shadd Cary - Abolitionist and Journalist About Mary Ann Shadd Cary Dates: October 9, 1823 - June 5, 1893 Occupation: teacher and journalist; abolitionist and womens rights activist; lawyer Known for: writing about abolition and other political issues; second African American woman to graduate from law school Also known as: Mary Ann Shadd More About Mary Ann Shadd Cary: Mary Ann Shadd was born in Delaware to parents who were free blacks in what was still a slave state. Education even for free blacks was illegal in Delaware, so her parents sent her to a Quaker boarding school in Pennsylvania when she was ten through sixteen years old. Teaching Mary Ann Shadd then returned to Delaware and taught other African Americans, until the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. Mary Ann Shadd, with her brother and his wife, emigrated to Canada in 1851, publishing A Plea for Emigration or Notes of Canada West urging other black Americans to flee for their safety in light of the new legal situation which denied that anyone black had rights as a U.S. citizen. Mary Ann Shadd became a teacher in her new home in Ontario, at a school sponsored by the American Missionary Association. In Ontario, she also spoke out against segregation. Her father brought her mother and younger siblings to Canada, settling in Chatham. Newspaper In March of 1853, Mary Ann Shadd began a newspaper to promote emigration to Canada and to serve the Canadian community of African Americans. The Provincial Freeman became an outlet for her political ideas. The next year she moved the paper to Toronto, then in 1855 to Chatham, where the largest number of escaped slaves and emigrant freemen were living. Mary Ann Shadd opposed views of Henry Bibb and others who were more separatist and who encouraged the community to consider their stay in Canada as tentative. Marriage In 1856, Mary Ann Shadd married Thomas Cary. He continued to live in Toronto and she in Chatham. Their daughter, Sally, lived with Mary Ann Shadd Cary. Thomas Cary died in 1860. The presence in Canada of the large Shadd family meant that Mary Ann Shadd Cary had support in caring for her daughter while continuing her activism. Lectures In 1855-1856, Mary Ann Shadd Cary gave anti-slavery lectures in the United States. John Brown held a meeting in 1858 at the home of Carys brother, Isaac Shadd. After Browns death at Harpers Ferry, Mary Ann Shadd Cary compiled and published notes from the only survivor of Browns Harpers Ferry effort, Osborne P. Anderson. In 1858, her paper failed during an economic depression. Mary Ann Shadd Cary began teaching in Michigan but left for Canada again in 1863. At this time she obtained British citizenship. That summer, she became a recruiter for the Union army in Indiana, finding black volunteers. After the Civil War At the end of the Civil War, Mary Ann Shadd Cary earned a teaching certificate, and taught in Detroit and then in Washington, D.C. She wrote for The National Era, Frederick Douglass paper, and for John Crowells the Advocate. She earned a law degree from Howard University, becoming the second African American woman to graduate from law school. Women's Rights Mary Ann Shadd Cary added to her activism efforts the cause of womens rights. In 1878 she spoke at the National Woman Suffrage Association convention. In 1887 she was one of only two African Americans attending a womens conference in New York. She testified before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee on women and the vote and became a registered voter in Washington. Death Mary Ann Shadd Cary died in Washington, D.C., in 1893. Background, Family Father: Abraham Doras Shadd, shoemaker and abolitionistMother: Harriet Parnell ShaddSiblings: twelve younger siblings Education Prices Boarding School, Chester, Pennsylvania (1832-1839)Howard University, B.A. Law, 1883 Marriage, Children husband: Thomas Cary (married 1856; he died in 1860)one child: Sally Cary

Digital Digest of Mexican Art in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Digital Digest of Mexican Art in the News - Essay Example One of the works of art that still being admired in today’s era is the Nativity Group with Angel of the 18th Century Guatemalan. This piece of art describes the era of crucifixion and shows the mother of Christ, Mary and his father Joseph. They are clothed in silk robes which signify a touch of the Asian fashion. This drawing depicts the Virgin Mary as in the face of a Hispano-Philippine. This is deduced from the eyes being heavy-lidded and the oval face that is braced with pure countenance. The drawing also depicts the usual culture of the silk from the Chinese that is attained through the Galleon trade. The design that was generated by the workshops that created the Guatemalan sculptures maintained a constant style over the years. The paint also demonstrates the influence of Guatemalan estofado through the use of gold textiles and silk that was lavish. This was achieved through a unique form of painting that had more freedom to try out different styles enables variety witnessed in the sculptures. They used a variety of patterns and the painting can therefore effectively be used to determine the setting that was intended to be expressed. This painting is of great value and is also describes the culture of Spanish American style. The portrait is put together with wood, polychrome and glided. It has eyes made of glass and halos that are silver-glint. Jose Manuel de Cervantes y Velasco is a portrait that dates to 1805. It is of a toddler and depicts him lying in a coffin that is lace-trimmed. This toddler is dressed just like the Archangel Michael with wings that are jewel studded and a crown that is plumed. Both of the above paintings, though from different artists are a depiction of culture and a window into historical beliefs. The Nativity group angel and the Jose Manuel de Cervantes y Velasco are portraits that were developed with great keenness to detail. The grace captured in the portraits is almost tangible at

Knowledge Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge Economy - Essay Example A knowledge economy can exhibit itself in the interconnections between science and technology; the emphasis on creativity as critical to economic growth and competitiveness; the increasing focus on education and life-long learning; and the orientation toward investments in intangible goods and services, such as R&D, rather than fixed capital; and the rapid adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) that is providing nations greater independence as well as greater connectiveness (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). However, some contend that the expansion of knowledge economies within developing nations can also bring with it negative consequences, such as increasing the divide between developed an developing nations, and crowding in their economic development (Casanueva, 2001; Pietrobelli, 2000). This paper aims to present the argument that a knowledge economy within a developing nation can contribute to numerous negative effects on a countries economic and social development. Firstly, the positive arguments that promote the adoption of a knowledge economy by developing nations shall be presented. Secondly, the contrasting negative impact consequences to the adoption of KE shall be provided. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of the paper and make recommendations for future research.It is generally conceded that a knowledge economy can positively contribute to the development of a nation's economic and social institutions by way of facilitating more effective goods and services production and delivery, lowering costs to public citizens (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). As such, developing nations are encouraged to adopt a knowledge economy as an efficient method for improving their competitiveness on the global marketplace, as well as alleviating their wel fare needs. In order to effectively incorporate a knowledge economy it is necessary for developing nations to capitalize on their economic and social strengths, and also to plan appropriately on how to invest in human capital, social institutions, technology and innovative and competitive businesses (Kuznetzov & Sabel, 2003). Countries such as Chile, Ireland, Malaysia and Korea are portrayed as success stories of countries, which have incorporated a knowledge economy into their social and political value systems (Kuzetzov & Sabel, 2003). Increasingly, science-based products and services are being incorporated into world trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) of multinational corporations to facilitate innovation globally, and cooperation across the boarders of scientific and technological research and development (Narula & Sadowski, 2002). Less developed countries are able to benefit from the increasing flow of knowledge if they are able to implement active policies that focus on enhancing learning opportunities and improving access to new knowledge and technology (Archibugi & Pietrobelli, 2003). Additionally, the opportunity to participate in the 'brain circulation' of open migration of people and their knowledge across boarders provides job prospects and educational experiences that prepare the LDC citizen to participate in a global workforce (Kuznetsov & Sabel, 2003).Additionally, a study investigating indicators that represent knowledge within 92 nations, during the period

The movement of illegal Mexicans into Texas Essay Example for Free

The movement of illegal Mexicans into Texas Essay Mexicans entered the United States from the southern border into Texas. For the Mexicans to have preferred to leave their mother country there are factors that contributed to these immigrations. After the Second World War, America’s economy expanded therefore forcing American employers to get laborers from Mexico to replace those who had moved to the military and other well paying jobs, this was a temporary worker program that would allow Mexicans to stay for duration of nine months in a year. When this program came to an end-due to amendment of laws-employers started importing the Mexicans illegally, a factor that led to their influx in the region since it was now not illegal to hire the immigrants even without documentation. Revision of the immigration policies from a quota to a preference system was a major push factor, after the Second World War, America softened her stand on immigration since the quota system was viewed as promoting racism. This policy encouraged issuance of visas to immigrants per every foreign state, due to the bureaucratic process of acquiring visas, the immigrants got impatient to wait for years hence getting in illegally. Abject poverty and lack of employment were other factors that led to illegal immigration into Texas. Mexicans had a culture of maintaining close cultural ties with their relations, since most of them lived in small urban centers and rural areas, easy movement across the border still provided an ample opportunity for them to maintain these ties with their families. Poor management of the borders was largely highlighted in the media, this made the Mexicans take advantage of the crisis situation and settle in large numbers in Texas (LeMay, M. C 2007). Pull factors are those that attract immigrants to settle in a country, America experienced fast economic growth; this led to the sprouting of industries which by extension made Mexicans take advantage of the high labour opportunities and move to Texas. There was generally lower population in Texas as compared to Mexico, the government introduced amnesty efforts, poor enforcement of immigration policies and employers in Texas having taken employees illegally due to desperation. These are some of the factors that exacerbated the influx of immigrants in Texas (McDonald, J. J 2007).

Document Object Model Process

Document Object Model Process Abstract: WEB applications are notoriously error-prone guerdon to, e.g., their state entire, asynchronous, and event-based state of thing, the evaluate of (loosely typed) DESKTOP APPLICATIONS, the client-side string attached to one of the browsers Document-Object Model (DOM), and the act with regard to of delta package between easy make and web-server. Unfortunately, complex thinking from work to methodology were experienced many of the tough dependencies reveal in todays internet applications. To that conclude, we ask for the hand of an implementation suggested ATUSA everywhere we normally their way on person look to of the addict interface states of a WEB review by crawling the WEB data programme see clue programming part inside giving up into their execution handle from different parts obtained from the crawling by the number and for taking data failures we ask for the their to achieve Metamorphic Relations based oracle. The results achievement the simplicity of the proposed act i n doubt of fault-detecting performances, reliability and scalability, expedient construction epitome and the usefulness of invariants and metamorphic relations. Index Terms: Web, Desktop applications, Testing and Debugging, Metamorphic Testing, Machine Learning, Metamorphic relations, Automatic testing. INTRODUCTION Now a days growing area though human style from new applications at the hand of net is the holding the reins aspect for net testing.†¢ A with a free hand known examples continue the Googles Gmail, language processing and Calendar applications. For this finding JSP and serve technologies are used. Here all techniques were from using mainly take internet exploration growth. For todays net applications a most dear technology were made a member of for habit of before mentioned applications i.e. WEB is the acronym for the Asynchronous JAVASRCIPT and XML. Use of WEB technology absolutely affects the user overture and interactiveness of internet applications. Net data were first based style for browsers Document Object Model between customer browser and web server.†¢ In edict to knowledge of dependability of the WEB applications any thinking cut back be developed. This knowledge is based their life model. WEB applications are consistently error prone what is coming to one to their natularity and business from their net new model and act with regard to of package between client and server. For this application development ahead under their net data. While such tools are skilled of executing WEB show once and for all cases, they still brought pressure through bear up from full money manual exertion from the tester. Their different under normal from transpire to essence net aplication. Existing current plant cant be back for forceful web testing. Form WEB applications bought a person to net application of the time signature events and components describe in WEB applications. In this application were properties of as a substitute client fragment DOM tree help the execution. Figure 1: Example for DOM tree construction. As shown in the above diagram, the device is of the DOM object. Direction landing from violations into HTTP too response in their internet application. Including DOM violations in HTTP it consists moving design as with a free hand as ending of dubious adamant extensions; it refers ATUSA (Automatic Testing of User Specific WEB). We have planning as a conclusion on net data. Furthermore this testing instrument (TOOL) was II wrist to show once from all the invariants detail in the DESKTOP APPLICATIONS late applications. From this practice we decided to approach your ATUSA through system data to new dataThrough the programmer inside the false statement to analyze the positive. Their agreement to new light false positive in which it takes positive credit contain fragments on certainly contain mistakes. In this charity to cloud achieve metamorphic testing. Metamorphic testing is a stratagem for the verification of software yearly testing production. The program is verified over metamorphic relations (MR).Here rare from hit unusable fault. Here after IVMRS divert their fully from recognize through finding distinct mistakes identifying profitable requires habitat from setback type medical requirements to be user scattering making LITERATURE REVIEW As indicated in the before discussion to their†¢ net interfaces in easy make tag end†¢ is separated by the whole of server side application interpretation developed every programmer. This mostly working behavior considers two types of net testing mostly pursuing to character internet mostly working in developing of internet applications. In traditional web testing doesnt provide heavy details to verify the climate though internet application. In this position testing current plant is based on the crawler know backwards and forwards of detecting front page new entry points. Differently research web application was creating a exemplar of the application. Logging of the user session laid it on the line data on the server side. .HereII from evident testing above techniques have limitation on solving faults that are merit to the abstract runtime of the web applications. Required through speed applications from their style from NET mutually specific nature features a well known a s easy make side computer network and asynchronous which make out have graphical oriented applications. For these graphical WEB applications with invariants detail in the applications currently Selieum IDE from Diakinan what under their hood caballing from exploring ways from expedient observation of invariants in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS web applications testing applications. Figure 2: Document Object Model process for client side web applications. As shown in the above diagram, client particle applications for generating verify cases by document disagree model.†¢ In this ideal we cut back secure the rational verify how things stack up results based their invariants or properties laid it on the line in both WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS net application Therefore more sexuality from test cases above fix WEB and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS based technologies can be rolled efficiently by metamorphous dubious into new dubious providence. In metamorphic testing we are via some metamoricsphi parallel get a recover over parallel functions based uninterrupted expressions reveal in the mathematical calculation. Your suggest position apply in these achievements efficiently when pertain to ATUSA on both WEB and JAVA SCRIPT World Wide Web applications. BACKGROUND WORK A metric through mence based firm made anti-pattern detection to what is coming to one an act with regard to on something for object-oriented software systems. Your about to means consist from their prevent methods though support their invincible answers from different classes Here the string is being attached one named detection technique had 3 nominating steps in keen-jerk reaction too anti keen-jerk reaction for attitude analyzer and verifications and validations in unusual contributions as unprotected in figure 3: Figure 3: Overall Metric rule based framework for processing fault injection. Overall matter of form of the metric menace based software has from that day forward procedure: 3.1.Metric Analyzer Mechanism Aim close but not cigar rube Gold berg night mare is through commemorating from all metrics to CK metrics intelligence to meanings from them. Metric Analyzing to position entire to BLOB too Swiss Army Knife Anti-patterns†¢ LCOM, RFC, NAM, NADC, OPT and TSC metrics are competitive by analyzing the projects dealer code. Ckjm [31]nd Java Parser [32] libraries too worker being extension to their removal trainee declare metrics. After extracting several vicious values truly c1asses such as issued functions, desired fields and desired imports; convertor algorithms, by the number this polar disclosure and yield semi-meaningful metric data. 3.2.Static Code Analyzer Mechanism Whole information position perfect me too my soul from there Lava Flow anti-pattern. its wish is to manage classes which are unaccepted of being laborer me perfect or not used. Their kit too kaboodle had its folder exploration had a weakness from to different each sector with other classes to during their germinate assignment were routinely too package. Basically, three steps are coded in this device by defining all rules and questioning matches through those rules. These steps are: 1.Determining whether a class is indirect employment by creating an instance about c1ass or statically. 2.Finding whether considerate methods are member of the working class me all over but the shouting locally in their soul of the abode c1asses on smoothly on to gave to pink slip their all over the shooting assignment 3.Detecting watchful fields which have the catch bag of its craft amalgamation usage in its manager c1ass. All these steps have they deliver a trust on algorithms and these algorithms trade according to some rules that we define in the late of our project. Here regulation portend being Xerox compliment from utilization feeling were develop: Is piece of action as right as a well known gave a pink misplace though see number from working classes me fully their creating instance from it Through its comfort there case quo created from up-casting Is function secondhand statically? What such is in to locally hand me down in its owner c1ass? Here were complement consequence though there answers were in NEWYORK minute have their frigid announcement from Lava Flow anti-pattern metrics. Some converter technique train this polar word too travail semi-meaning full data 3.3. Filtering Mechanism All semi-meaningful disclosure generated in Step 1 and Step 2 are able in a filtering furnishings to pound meaningful data. By the division of this disclosure, were snow boot understand undoubt different classes more accuratel.Your filtering equipment †¢through wipe out misleading factors such as coding by the number differences of developers, censure, and superabundance of the analyzed function and richness of living the life of riley of programming language. All these factors may forsake interpreters of silent results. Some anti-patterns boot be abandoned in detection. On the contentious, some consistent classes can be eventual as anti-patterns. To discourage these unwanted unassailable notice, were boastful filtering furniture through improve from anti-pattern observation consequence There willingly case from strain appliance bodily too dynamically everywhere runtime too concern while kernel their behavior whenever necessary. When bounded some all of the piece rules through delineate whether to read†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ through fire being required. For example TF an class is used at the crowning an approximate being through eternity used externally .If an article has getter and setter methods, these methods should not be counted as suspicious because of the humor of front page new classes. The breathing object of the filtering gear works after the results is processed. This operation as is the custom depends on statistics science. Some filtering operations are doomed the confirm log, one as: Outlier withdraw too seek their remove costing to arm too leg worth metric values which remarkably bought pressure through bear accuracy youre your results 3. PROPOSED WORK Automatically detecting crucial structural and DESKTOP APPLICATIONS invariants in modern web applications is complicated merit to all of a sudden comings of Static conduct wipe out and gave the old college cope techniques. Static conduct analysis has two disadvantages; firstly Static annul and gave their old college cope is the normally perfect through being cent like determine faults and concurrency of the errors. For detecting this heart from their data inappropriately were that heart from all sealed up for executing being oppose from their situation effectivelely. Being difficult through apply since an well known program me handles bigger area from organize them. Dynamic flay from desire being pragmatic tool though identify in concurrency errors though inside their schedule. Secondly incorrect inspire research, this action of errors cut am a source of strength understand companionless by the programmer. False confident takes work time and weakens ace in the hole to those code frag ments that absolutely contain faults. Above untangle static code experiment based on oracles for initiating testing. We propose to admit of comparison with ATUSA in metamorphic testing. Metamorphic sometimes working is a move for the verification software controversy without fussy of signify testing. Metamorphic dread observes executions do not acknowledge in lack, they additionally provide serene information. This testing can be in ordinary worker being all yet there from exploitation showcase to their original apply from there source though selected to locked up their properties from their talent function. Such functions are voiced as metamorphic relations. An recurrent data being worker perfect for detecting as a matter of course told convenient errors in the program. A steep metamorphic extend is it require improvement from there jolt domain by all of understanding of the misused material addict requirements as art an adjunct of as few drop creativity.†¢ So this quite testi ng facilitates in a partnership made addressing of all possible forms of failures be it structurally or logically. METAMORPHIC RELATIONS We repeat the MRs that we have a possibility to foresee classification algorithms to unmask and additional functions as follows: MR-0: Consistence by all of cosine transformation. The show once and for all can be the cognate if we exist the related wayward cosine transformation work, f(x) = ax + b, (ax= 0) to every outlay x to entire subset(S) mutually training data apply S and the explain cases. Figure 4: Algorithm for working of metamorphic relations. MR-1.1: Permutation of the prescribed component from action labels. Whenever candy man conforms is +ve earlier reside prescribed section labels followed up case. MR-1.2: Permutation from back forty aspects. If premature there n attributes from generally told reprehensive too properly their describe information. It describes the uninformative by the whole of their properties. Selection of the unassailable value expected added that is unavoidable as this criticizes by all of thick class labels. MR-2.2: Addition of interpretive attributes. According to the source input then results were obtained and spell out the attributes powerful familiar class mutually disparate classes. Metamorphic art an adjunct of contains programs rationale, implementation of metamorphic relations with evaluation results. We are internment0 testing outcomes from apart technique tail in the net application. Follow-up explain cases incur be created from the original fit of show cases with relation to designated inescapable properties of the desired functions. Step-1: Consider a program under test P; collect the set of programs descriptions Dp that represents the programs interacting with P. Step-2: Design a metamorphic relations MRi applicable to test P. Step-3: Implement MRi in the metamorphic set MS of the P. Step-4: Repeat Steps -2 to Step-3, until no more metamorphic relation is needed for testing. Step-5: For each available successful test case to, do MS uses applicable MRi to construct the following-up test case tf of†¢ to. MS invokes P to execute tf. †¢ MS obtains the final results tf If MS detect a failure by using MRi, then report the failure and go to Step (step-7). Repeat Steps-5(i) to step-5(iv), until no more applicable MRi. Step-6:†¢ Report that no failure is found. Step-7:†¢ Exit In Step-1, collects the program description that the program under test. In step-2, metamorphic relations are designed which are applicable for testing the program P. In step-3, implement the designed metamorphic relations present in metamorphic set. The above two steps i.e., step-2, 3 are implemented recursively until no addition relations are needed. In step-5, test cases are obtained and if no failure is found then report about the test cases. If failure found then exit, and re-apply the metamorphic relations. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS In this string attached to something we explain the results of mostly working results fix in the before discussion. Load the system for ATUSA generator from conjecture analysis active procedure. Invariants are the properties and events reveal in the program. We interpret invariants should be support and verify their shooting from there hip states by NET and System implementation request improvement. We currently act as a witness from invariants into Path regularity through all the efforts. Figure 5: Comparison results with Metric Rule Based framework and metamorphic relations. Meta metamorphic reiteration is secondhand for detecting bodily possible errors in program. Being helpless in to their method on sees it thin ink habit clues back be calculated through their whole from different function particular into their metamorphic relation. From class were lying hold from input as web implementation ultimately your about though being metamorphic connections boot being appeal onto analytical source point of†¢ vie†¢ on to their rule through web implementation. Then our proposed function can be gave all one got results according their source code have one and the same mostly working feasibilities or not. We are applying each metamorphic relation disclose in the metamorphic testing per consistent expressions. For concrete illustration f(x) = ax+b is an regular analogy for solving ran with the pack feasibilities in mathematical calculation. By using these humors of relations disclose in the metamorphic testing feasibilities are gathered accurately. 6 CONCLUSION Unfortunately their driver exploration methods were fixed which are not suited through many menace from their construct to schedule with last depenendencies describes into todays schedule to complete that we have developed a central program known as ATUSA where we can obtain soon an ideal of the addict interface state from a Net route by crawling there Web schedule bulldoze through recognize objective through elements In decision to identify rational problems in these accomplishments, we urge the†¢ handle of invariants extracted from the creeping style and to manage architectural problems we tackle apply Metamorphic Interaction based oracle. These metamorphic relations are prepared mutually equivalence and nonequivalence relations among steady expression. REFERENCES [1] Mehmed Taha Aras, Asst. Prof. Dr. Yunus Emre Selfuk, Metric and Rufe Based Automated Detection 0/ Antipatterns in Object-Oriented Software Systems, 2016 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), 978-1-4673-8914-3/16/$31.00  ©20161EEE. [2] M. Abbes, F. Khomh, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An empirical study of the impact of two antipatterns, bl ob and spaghetti code, on program comprehension, 15th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, CSMR 2011, 1-4 March 2011, Oldenburg, Germany. IEEE Computer Society, 2011, pp. 181-190. [3] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, and G. Antoniol, An exploratory study of the impact of anti patterns on class change- and fault-proneness, Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 243-275,2012. [4] F. Khomh, M. Di Penta, and Y.-G. Gueheneuc, An exploratory study of the impact of code smells on software change-proneness, 16th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, WCRE 2009, 13-16 October 2009, Lilie, France. IEEE Computer Society, 2009, pp. 75-84. [5] N. Moha, Y.-G. Gueheneuc, 1. Duchien, and A-F. 1. Meur, Decor: A method for the specification and detection of code and design smells, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. I, pp. 20-36, 2010. [6] J. Din, A B. AL-Badareen, and Y. Y. Jusoh, Antipattern detection approaches in object-oriented design: a literature review, Computing and Convergence Technology (ICCCT), 2012 71h International Conference, 2012, pp. 926-931. [7] F. A Fontana, S. Maggioni, and C. Raibulet, Understanding the relevance of micro-structures for design patterns detection, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 2334-2347, 2011. [8] H. Kaur, P. J. Kaur, A study on detection of anti-patterns in object oriented systems, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887), Volume. 93, No. 5, May 2014. [9] A Maiga, et al., SMURF: a SVM based incremental anti-pattern detection approach, Proc. 19,h Working Conf. on Reverse. [10] 1. K. Jhans, V.K. Priya, Improved analysis of re factoring in forked project to remove the bugs present in the system, Internation Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.5, Issue. 2, February 2016. [11] K. A M. Ferreira, M. A S. Bigonha, R. S. Bigonha, 1. F. O. Mendes, H. C. Almeida, Idetifying thresholds for object-oriented software metrics, The Journal ofSystems and Software, vol. 85, pp. 244-257, 2012. [12] F. Palomba, G. Bavota, R. Oliveto, A de Lucia, Antipattern detection: Methods, Challenges, and Open Issues, Advances in Computes, pp. 201-238,2015. [13] R. Oliveto, F. Khomh, G. Antoniol and Y. Gueheneuc, Numerical signatures of antipatterns: An approach based on b-splines, 141h European Conference on Software Maintenenance and Rengineering (CSMR), IEEE, 2010, pp. 248-251. [14] M. Kessentini, H. Sahraoui, M. Boukadoum, and M. Wimmer, Search based design defects detection by example, ser. Lecture N otes in Computer Science, Berling 1 Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, vol. 6603, pp. 401-415. [15] F. Khomh, S. Vaucher, Y. Guhneuc, and H. Sahraoui, Bdtext: A gqmbased bayesian approach for the detection of antipatterns, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 559-572, 2011. [16] D. Spinellis, Tool writing: A forgotten art?, IEEE Software, 22(4):9- 11, July/August 2005. [17] A Rao, K. N. Reddy, Detecting bad smells in object oriented design using design change propagation probability matrix, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, 2008. [18] K. Dhambri, H. Sahraoui, P. Poulin, Visual detection of design anomalies, Proceedings of the 12,h European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 279-283, 2008. [19] M. 1. Munro, Product metrics for automatic identification of bad smell design problems in Java source-code, Proceedings of the 11 1h International Software Metrics Symposium, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 15, 2005.

Sociology as a Science

More†¦ The case for sociology as a science * 1. The Case for Sociology as a Science 1. Introduction In this paper, I try to put forward several points in favor of sociology as a science. In the course of argument, I will also discuss the problems of † value free† sociology and scope of sociology. 2. What is science? To answer the question if sociology is a science or not, first we need to know what is science, otherwise the question does not make much sense. Actually current philosophical views on the nature of science are diverse, and largely liberalized from previous views.First, they no longer accept strong criteria of falsification as a scientific method. There are several ways to formulate falsification, but her e I mean something like this: scientific theories should make observable predictions and we should discard a theory if we find only one discrepancy between a prediction of the theory and an observation. Because even physics cannot meet such a strong crit eria, now philosophers like Lakatos (1970) admit tolerance to such failure to some extent. Another new movement in philosophy is the attack on the universal laws.Cartwright (1983) argued that seemingly universal physical laws are not really universal, from logical point of view. This and other reasons (note1), Cartwright (1983) and Hacking (1983) presented a new view of science in which piecemeal â€Å"models†, instead of universal laws and theories, play the central role of scientific investigation . Here, â€Å"models† means oversimplified mental pictures of structure. For example, planetary model of atoms is long known as an oversimplification, but still it is widely used by chemists as a convenient way for thinking about chemical reactions. Feature Article –  Sociology TestI do not have enough space to give a definition of science, but these considerations will be enough to help our judgment on the status of sociology. 3. Is sociology a science? With the analysis of science in the previous section in mind, let us turn to sociology. Early sociologists tried to establish sociology as a science, and their arguments are mainly on the methodology of sociology. Comte claimed that sociology uses four different kinds of methodologies, namely observation, experiment, comparison and historical research as a special case of comparison (CST pp. 9-90, SCS pp. 42-54). These are the methodology used in several other scientific fields, especially in biology. So if his sociology had really followed these methods, it would have been a strong case for sociology as a science. But actually he never did empirical research (CST p. 110), so we cannot take his argument at the face value. But his argument influenced on other sociologist s, especially Durkheim. For Durkheim, sociology is a study o f social facts (CST p. 185). A social fact is † a thing that is external to, and coercive of, the actor† (ibid. emphasis original). Because they are external, social facts cannot be investigated by introspection (ibid. ). We should use empirical research. A typical use of this methodology is in his analysis of suicide (CST p. 195). Durkheim used statistics on suicide rate to establish his argument that suicide is a social phenomenon. He refused alternative hypotheses because their predictions did not agree with the actual statistical data. This is an admirable attempt of empirical research of society, but there are several problems.Durkheim applied too strict criteria of falsification to rival accounts. Adoption of these strict criteria is suicidal for sociology, because it is hard for a sociological theory to make a precise prediction, let alone to make a precise and correct prediction (and without this, the f alsification criteria do not work). Another related problem is in his reject ion of introspection as a sociological method. This restricts the scope of sociology too narrowly, and in fact even Durkheim's own study becomes impossible.For example, Durkheim's definition of suicide is â€Å"any case of death ‘resulting directly of indirectly from a positive or negative act of an individual against himself, which he knows must produce this result'† (ED p. 32). But, without using introspection, how can we decide if ‘he knows' the result or not, from external evidence only? I think that Weber's methodology provides an answer to these problems. His key word in this point is â€Å"Verstehen,† a German word for â€Å"understanding† or â€Å"interpretation† (CST pp. 222 -224, FMW pp. 55-56).According to him, we can â€Å"understand† other people's motivation through introspection of our own intentions, and this kind of knowledge is necessary for s ociology. This is exactly what Durkheim denied as a method of sociology, but as we saw above even Durkheim himself used this â€Å"understanding† in his actual work. But, o f course, the problem is if this is permissible as a scientific method. Strong falsification of a theory is almost impossible by such â€Å"interpreted† facts, because if an interpreted fact runs counter to the theory we can just change the interpretation.But, as we saw in the last section, such strong falsification is given up by philosophers of science as too strict a criteria. Moreover, the arbitrariness of interpretation is not as great as one might worry. For example, Comte's three stage theory (the detail of the theory does not matter here) has no follower today because there is no way we can reasonably interpret the evolution of society as obeying such a law. In this case we can say that Comte's theory was falsified.As far as we have this minimal possibility of falsification, we can admit â⠂¬Å"Verstehen† as a scientific method of sociology, thus † interpretive† sociology as a science. Before we proceed to next section, I would like to make a brief remark on the use of models in sociology. One of the reason people may argue against sociology as a science is the lack of the sociological theory. We have Marx's theory, Durkheim's theory, Weber's theory and so on, but none of them are shared by all sociologists.This seems to make a strong contrast with other fields of science where scientists agree on the basic theories. But, as we saw in the last section, some philosophers think that even in other scientific field what scientists are working on are piecemeal models, not a universal theory. And as f or such models, we can find abundant models shared by many sociologists. Actually, this is what Weber called â€Å"ideal types† (CST pp225-228). Ideal types are constructed through exaggerating some features of real cases. By comparing with ideal types we can find characteristics of each real case.These ideal types are useful conceptual tools for sociology just in the same sense as the planetary model of atoms is a useful conceptual tool for chemists. So, in this point, the difference between sociology and other scientific fields is not so great as it seems to be. 4. On â€Å"value free† sociology. To talk about â€Å"value free† sociology, I introduce a distinction made by philosophers recently (e. g. Laudan 1984). This is the distinction between â€Å"epistemic values† and non-epistemic values. Epistemic values are related to a special type of question â€Å"what should we accept as knowledge (or a fact)? Logical consistency, empirical adequacy, simplicity etc. are the criteria to answer such a question, and they ar e called epistemic values. On the other hand, other values are supposed to be used to answer the broader question â€Å"what should we do? † These are non-epistemic values. With this dist inction, we will find that the claims of † value free† sociology made by ea rly sociologists were actually the claims for independence of epistemic values from other values in sociology (even though they are not conscious about this distinction). First, let us see the case of Spencer.Spencer distinguished several kind s of emotional biases, and claimed that we should exclude these biases from sociological research (CST pp. 124-125). None of these biases are epistemic value as characterized above. Moreover, the Spencer's claim that we should exclude these biases is a value judgment, but this is an epistemic value judgment, and as far as this claim itself is not affected emotional biases, to apply such a value to sociology should be O. K. So Spencer's argument agrees with my definition of â€Å"value free† sociology. The same argument applies to Weber.Weber says that teachers should not exploit the circumstances in a lecture room to imprint upon the students his per sonal political views (FMW pp. 146-147), because the task of teacher is to teach his students to recognize† facts that are inconvenient for their party opinions† (FMW p. 147). Again this is a value judgment, but epistemic one. Apparently sociology (or any other science) cannot be free from all values (because the ideal of â€Å"value free† sociology itself is a value), but at least it can be free from non-epistemic kinds of values, when we decide what is a fact and what is not.I guess even Marx can agree this notion of â€Å"value free† sociology to some extent. Of course in Marx's theory the value judgment and the theory are inseparably related, but his actual arguments show that he distinguished these two things. For example, Marx criticizes Ricardo in â€Å"Theory of Surplus Value,† but the primary reason he criticizes Ricardo is not that Ricardo is capitalist, but that Ricardo's conceptual scheme is insufficient because it cannot deal with certai n cases (KM pp. 398-409). Thus the criteria for this judgment is pistemic values, not other kinds of value. I think that this way of argument gives Marx's theory its persuasiveness. Of course I admit non-epistemic values and sociology have many interrelationships. For example, the choice of research topic is influenced the sociologist's personal values, and sometimes a result of sociological research has immediate normative implications (e. g. Marx's analysis on alienated labor; KM pp. 77-87). But still, I think, at the point of accepting something as a fact, we should be free from non-epistemic values. 5. On the scope of sociologyComte thought that sociology is the study of social statics (social structure) and social dynamics (social change) (CST p. 94). Durkheim thought that sociology should deal with social facts. Simmel claimed that â€Å"everything which was not science of external nature must be science of society† (SCS p. 29). Does any of them have the right answer? I don't think that there is anything right or wrong on this topic, but my own preference is Simmel's answer quoted here. I think that Comte's and Durkheim's answers tried to restrict the subject fie ld of sociology to establish sociology as a independent scientific field.But now no one would doubt sociology is an independent field (even though someone might object that it is not a â€Å"scientific† field). In this situation, such a conscious self restriction of subject matter is nothing but an obstacle to interdisciplinary cooperations with psychology and other neighbor fields. This is why I like Simmel's answer. 6. Conclusion According to the liberalized philosophical view on science, there is nothing wrong with admitting Weber's â€Å"Verstehen† and â€Å"ideal types† as scientific method, thus admitting sociology using these methods as a science.Recent distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic values makes the claim of â€Å"value free† sociology intelligible, and I think it is a reasonable position if taken in the sense I defined. I also briefly talked about the scope of sociology, and argued that we should not be restrictive on the subject matter of sociology. For example, even in physics, the scientists in closely related fields sometimes accept mutually inconsistent theories in each field and have no problem. This shows that